Earlier this year, I wrote about how the human obsession with size is reshaping the bodies of other species at an incredible pace. Unlike natural predators that cull the sick, weak and unfit, human fishermen prize the biggest catches and throw the smallest ones back in.
As a result, fish and other species harvested by humans are shrinking, often within a few generations, and are becoming sexually mature at an earlier stage. These changes are bad news for populations as a whole, for smaller individuals often have lower odds of survival and produce fewer offspring.
But David Conover from Stony Brook University has found a silver lining in this tale - selectively harvesting fish can lead to dramatic changes in body size, but these changes are reversible. Release them from the pressure of constant hunting, and some of the animals start to rebound to their previous state.
Conover spent ten years raising a commonly harvested species called the Atlantic silverside in six captive populations, each containing about 100 individuals. Every year, the fish produced a new generation and for five years, Conover would remove 90% of the fish, either by taking the largest ones, the smallest ones or randomly selected individuals. In every other way, the fish were all reared under exactly the same conditions. This constant upbringing ensured that any changes to their bodies would be the result of genetic influences rather than environmental ones.
The result: the fish changed dramatically in their size, growth rate, population size and other related traits. The populations which had lost their largest members grew more slowly, reached smaller sizes and were thinner in numbers. The groups where the smallest fish did the opposite.
For the next five years, Conover relaxed the pressure on all six populations. He found that some of the evolutionary changes wrought by the size-based harvests were indeed reversible. The recovery was slow, but it was there.
Among the shrunken populations that had lost their largest members, their average length at 3 months of age shot up and was almost back to normal after the fifth year of recovery. At an age of 6 months, their progress had slowed somewhat but their average length had still increased and they had recovered about half the original loss in size. In about seven more generations (12 years in total since the end of fishing), the population should be back to normal (although admittedly, the recovery will probably start to slow later down the line).
Conover thinks that there is a natural impetus for these smaller populations to return to their original size. The shift towards smaller bodies and slower growth also dragged along a wide variety of other changes - the fish had smaller appetites and less efficient metabolisms, were less bold in their search for food and produced fewer eggs. Generally, these traits go hand in hand with lower success, so once fishing stopped, the silversides were naturally driven to reverse the changes.
On the other hand, the populations that became bigger because their smallest members were removed kept their altered forms. They didn't shrink back to their previous size once the evolutionary pressure of fishing was lifted and Conover suggests that they had little cause to. In natural populations, the presence of predators tends to put a cap on how large and quickly silversides can grow - mature too fast and they become more vulnerable. But in danger-free captivity, the costs of growing quickly were probably not heavy enough to outweigh the benefits of a large size. The result: no change.
Conover also found that over the experiment's ten years, the variation in the size of the silversides stayed roughly the same. That's important, for a big worry about fishing is that the intense evolutionary pressures it places on fish could lead to a loss of genetic diversity or allow inferior genes to gain a foothold. That in turn would cripple the population's potential for future evolutionary change.
However, at least in Conover's experiments, these concerns seem unfounded. The range of individual lengths stayed the same, as did the silversides' survival rates. Genetic variation may have dwindled slightly, but there was more than enough left of a spot of evolutionary rebounding.
There has been some evidence for this already but it's been largely circumstantial. In cases where wild fisheries have closed, some of the prey fish, from pike to salmon, have bounced back to their previous sizes. But in all of these cases, the comebacks could have been driven either by evolution or by "phenotypic plasticity" - the ability of individuals to develop in different ways in response to their environment, even their genes are the same.
Obviously, this was a very artificial and small-scale set-up compared to what actually happens in a wild fishery. But it was a very carefully controlled experiment, and that's a strength. It allowed Conover to separate the relative contributions of genetics and environment to the evolution of the silversides. And it provides good news for fisheries managers because it suggests that the evolutionary changes caused by fishing are indeed reversible.
The actual recovery rate of wild populations may be much slower than in the captive silversides. The evolutionary pressures imposed by fishermen tend to be much less extreme than those imposed by Conover. The silverside also has a particularly short lifespan (which makes it ideal for lab experiments like this). Most heavily fished species have generation times of 3-7 years, which means that the recovery seen in Conover's silversides would take 30-80 years for most other fish.
And any rebounds will be affected by changes in predators, prey, competitors, the local habitat and many other factors. This experiment is proof that such rebounds are possible, but it should by no means be taken as cause for complacency.
Reference: Proc Roy Soc B doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0003
Image: Silverside photo by Tom McHugh
More on fishing:
- Fishing bans protect coral reefs from devastating predatory starfish
- Fish make rapid comeback in the world's largest no-fishing zone
- Male and female mako sharks separated by invisible line in the sea
- Farmed salmon decimate wild populations by exposing them to parasites
- Human hunters unwittingly shrink their prey species at incredible rates
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Part of me can't help thinking that Dr. Conover is a genius who has figured a way to spend ten years fishing, and be paid for it.
This conclusions seems to be skewed by a spike in length after 190 days in the 10th and final generation of this study for the two populations whose smallest members had been harvested. It appears that the data for both populations follows a nearly linear return to the original average length from generation #5 to #9, then both spike in the 10th generation, causing the trendline to appear stable. I question the statistical reliability of the conclusion that they remain large. But that is going off of one chart.
It's good to hear something hopeful. Thanks!
Uoflcard - Good spot, although it's interesting that both replicates do the same thing. Nonetheless, I'm happy to let that one lie, if only because I think it's the fate of the small-harvested population that's most important. The fate of the large-harvested population is more of an intellectual curiosity.
Isn't this fundamentally the same exercise as breeding dogs, cats, or horses? ISTR the power of animal husbandry was one factor that convinced Darwin he was on the right track....
BBB
Good news, Ed! It's nice to know that some fish, at least, can bounce back.
Meanwhile, after a ban of about ten years, cod in the North Atlantic haven't rebounded in numbers at all. I think that's because, when they mate, herring and other small fish gorge themselves on the eggs. If there aren't enough fish mating to glut the scavengers, few will survive to become fishlets.
I have been involved with a salmon hatchery and learned of the effects caused when collecting spawners and rearing them in tanks before releasing them as smolts.
Every hatchery has a target for the number of eggs to be collected, based on their capacity or imposed government oversight. When the first spawners return and their eggs collected, it is never certain how big or how long the run will be. Therefore it is only prudent to collect all the eggs available as they come in, to ensure meeting the target if the run tapers off sooner than expected.
This tends to mean that when the returns are typical or above average, the quota will be reached and all the trays will be filled well before the middle of the run. This presents a dilemma, as the only way to provide the late spawners with the amplification effect of the hatchery is to cull existing eggs, ones that have already received an investment of labour.
In one of the earliest government hatcheries here, established in the '60s, they soon found because of this that Coho were returning earlier and earlier, and with less time in the ocean were getting smaller and smaller. These fish were then transplanted to many other streams where increased production was desired. They didn't seem to figure out the error of their ways until the effect was well established in the population.
The hatchery where I volunteered was a smaller one and while under the nominal supervision of government fisheries bureaucrats, it was staffed by recreational fishermen, by and large. The manager, I learned, as I got to know the operation better was purposely going the opposite direction with his brood stock. Since the stream had been transplanted multiple times with the small coho, this was rather analogous to Conover's work, though now with active artificial selection for the biggest.
His results were dramatic, with many fish weighing twice as much as might have been expected in a wild population. Other effects included fingerlings tending to become ready to smolt at 6 to 10 months rather than 18 months after being laid. All this more or less beneath the radar of the bureaucrats that were supposed to be enforcing a policy of maximum genetic variation. It was one reason I left.