Snow Day! Powdery, sticky, icy or slushy?

Oh the weather outside is frightful,

But the fire is so delightful,

And since we've no place to go,

Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow! -Sammy Cahn and Jule Styne

Yesterday in the late afternoon (and yes, it's dark by late afternoon here in Portland, OR), I looked out the window and saw a rare sight for this part of the world.

That's right, it snowed here! So, what did we do? We went out and played in it, like children, because it's fun.

It was a good snow. For me, that means it wasn't too powdery, and didn't fall apart when you tried to make snowballs out of it. (Clearly.) In fact, it was good snowman-building snow.

But by time I came outside this morning, a light rain and temperatures in the 40s had made the snowmen just a distant memory.

Well, I was asked a very good question (thanks, Pamela): what determines the consistency of your snow? You probably know of four types of snow (classifications are mine and unofficial):

1. Powdery Snow: this snow is great for skiing but terrible for making snowballs. This happens when individual flakes of snow refuse to stick together, and simply crumble apart.
2. Sticky Snow: this is the fabulous snowman-building snow shown in the first few pictures above. This snow sticks together fairly easily, and while it makes for lousy skiing, this is the snow I remember playing in as a kid.
3. Icy Snow: this is the kind of snow that you get on the ski slopes when it's late in the day. It looks like snow from afar, but once you start going down it you realize it's mostly just a sheet of ice, and if you're a supremely amateur skier (like I am), you kind of take your life into your hands to brave it.
4. Slushy Snow: these are the last vestiges of all types of snow. (And the last picture above.) Found outside of ice skating rinks in warm climates everywhere.

Snow, with only slight magnification, is clearly made of ice crystals:

Put simply, what type of snow you have is all about temperature. If it's cold enough, then the mechanical energy of smashing these individual flakes together isn't enough to cause any of these crystals to melt, and they won't stick together. That's what "powdery" snow is.

You heat the temperature up so that it's close to freezing, however, and now your snow will "stick" together. (You can do this with powdery snow by taking off your gloves and holding a ball of it in your hands tightly for a few seconds, as many 9-year-old boys will tell you.) How? You melt some of the crystals briefly, which re-freeze together almost immediately into a different crystalline structure, where the water molecules are now bound together! This is what makes "sticky" snow.

Want icy snow? Just melt more of it more thoroughly, then re-freeze it. Congratulations, you've just made icy snow. (Which I'll admit is much more of a sheet of ice that looks like snow.)

And as for the slush? Leave the re-freeze part out, where it's more liquid than ice crystals, and you've got slush. It's all about temperature, and whether the structure of your crystals remain intact or not.

This leads to one of the coolest things you can do with one of the most fun "ice" products out there: dippin' dots!

Dippin' dots are made by dipping melted ice cream -- drop-by-drop -- into liquid nitrogen, so that it freezes into little ball-like shapes. The ice crystals throughout are packed solid, and as long as you keep them at super-cooled liquid nitrogen temperatures, they remain in a dot-like shape.

But if you move them into a regular freezer?

Even though the temperature never gets above freezing, the ice crystals have enough energy in them that they no longer retain their individual, 77 Kelvin shapes, and meld together. All you're left with is regular, rainbow ice cream. (There are many different phases of ice, as made famous by Kurt Vonnegut.)

So that's my snowy story! (It's pretty much over, too, as less than 24 hours later, there's hardly any snow left!) It was fun while it lasted, and I wish you all a Happy New Year!