"The only problem with the speed of light, is it gets here too early in the morning." -Danny Nevrath
One of the most common questions I get asked is whether gravity is instantaneous, or whether there's a speed limit to how fast the force of gravity can travel.
It's a good question! After all, we know how fast light travels, and if the Sun were to suddenly wink out of existence, we'd still receive light from it for just over 8 minutes after it disappeared! But what about gravity, and the Earth's orbit? Would the Earth simply fly off in a straight line, like a twirled poi ball the instant a string broke?
Or would it continue to move in its planetary for some time, and perhaps suffer some more interesting effects? Believe it or not, this is one of the most severe differences between Newton's old school theory of gravity and Einstein's General Relativity. According to Newton, you have two masses separated by a distance, and that determines the force. You take one of those masses away, and the force instantly goes away. End of story.
But in general relativity, things are much more intricate, and incredibly interesting. First off, it isn't mass, per se, that causes gravity. Rather, all forms of energy (including mass) affect the curvature of space. So for the Sun and the Earth, the incredibly large mass of the Sun dominates the curvature of space, and the Earth travels in an orbit along that curved space.
If you simply took the Sun away, space would go back to being flat, but it wouldn't do so right away at every point. In fact, just like the surface of a pond when you drop something into it, it snaps back to being flat, and the disturbances send ripples outward!
In Einstein's theory of gravity, these ripples move at the speed of light, not instantaneously.
This is a really amazing idea, and leads me to ask another question. Think about it; if the Earth was stationary, it would feel the ripples in one way, but if the Earth were moving over the surface of space, wouldn't it feel the ripples differently?
It turns out, that while Newton doesn't care what your velocity is, Einstein does. The Sun, as it is right now, won't have its gravity affect Earth for another 8+ minutes, and the gravity that the Earth feels right now pulling it towards the Sun is actually pulling it towards where the Sun was 8+ minutes ago! (Weird, isn't it?)
The Earth, of course, since it's also moving, kind of "rides" over such a ripple, so that it comes down in a different spot from where it was lifted up. It looks like we have two effects going on: velocity affects gravity, and so do changing gravitational fields.
So, in theory, we know that the speed of gravity should be the same as the speed of light. But the Sun's force of gravity out here, by us, is far too weak to measure this effect. In fact, it gets really hard to measure, because if something moves at a constant velocity in a constant gravitational field, there's no observable affect at all. What we'd want, ideally, is a system that has an object moving with a changing velocity through a changing gravitational field. What would that take?
Something intense, like two neutron stars orbiting each other extremely close together! Occasionally, we get very lucky, and a neutron star emits very regular blips of light, pulsing with incredible precision: this makes it a pulsar! If one of these neutron stars is a pulsar aimed at us, we can test whether gravity moves at the speed of light or not!
Incredibly enough, we've discovered multiple independent binary pulsars with this exact configuration!
Not only is the gravitational source (star #1) moving, but the other object (star #2) is changing its velocity, as it changes its direction in orbit around the gravitational source! Remarkably, this effect causes the orbit to ever-so-slowly decay, which leads to time changes in the pulses!
The predictions from Einstein's theory of gravity are incredibly sensitive to the speed of light, so much so that even from the first binary pulsar system, PSR 1913+16 (or the Hulse-Taylor binary), we have constrained the speed of gravity to be equal to the speed of light with an error of less than 1%!
While we'd love to be able to detect these gravitational waves directly, rather than make an indirect measurement, we're likely going to have to wait until close to 2030. Why? We'll need to have LISA up and running, where it's capable of detecting a system like this and directly measuring the speed of gravitational radiation.
But until then, indirect measurements of very rare pulsar systems like this give us the tightest constraints, and tell us that the speed of gravity is between 2.993 x 108 and 3.003 x 108 meters per second, which is an amazing confirmation of general relativity and a terrible difficulty for alternative theories of gravity! (Sorry, Newton!) And now you know not only what the speed of gravity is, but where to look to figure it out!
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Is the speed of gravity reduced by the medium through which it travels in a analogous manner to the slowing of the speed of light through various media?
A paper by Van Flandern in Physics Letters A disagrees with you, Ethan. (Warning: craziness level high.)
It has long bugged me that this difference between Newtonian and Einsteinian gravitation wasn't detectable in solar system motions, but apparently the near-circular orbits make it hard to measure. Why can't we detect the effect in comet orbits?
By the way, I'm hoping to read some extended commentary on variable radionuclide decay rates, now that lots of people have had the chance to do repeated measurements.
To quote an observation by Arthur Eddington:
âIf the Sun attracts Jupiter towards its present position S, and Jupiter attracts the Sun towards its present position J, the two forces are in the same line and balance. But if the Sun attracts Jupiter toward its previous position Sâ, and Jupiter attracts the Sun towards its previous position Jâ, when the force of attraction started out to cross the gulf, then the two forces give a couple. This couple will tend to increase the angular momentum of the system, and, acting cumulatively, will soon cause an appreciable change of period, disagreeing with observations if the speed is at all comparable with that of light.â
So, it appears that Eddington was wrong to believe that there was such a thing as a gravitational âforceâ acting on the planets.
Although the Sun moves at 250 kps in its galactic orbit, the geometry of its gravitational influence remains in a constantly updated and unchanged state around it, thereby providing all planets with stable and totally predictable orbits.
If itâs all a matter of geometry, then thereâs no burning need to assume any kind of speed for gravity. The calculations of GR donât really appear to need it any more than they need an ether. After all, the answers are indisputably correct and, in the final analysis, thatâs what really counts.
Richard, I don't actually know for certain! I don't know of anything that acts that way on gravity in theory, and I don't know of any observations that indicate that such an effect exists in practice.
Physicalist, that website is the notorious Meta Research by Tom Van Flandern, who, to be polite, is wrong. Check him out if you like: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Van_Flandern
Nathan, the post-Newtonian effect is simply too small. Not because of the circularity of their orbits, but because of the incredible weakness of the Sun's gravity at the distance of Solar System objects.
Alan, the thing that Eddington likely goes on to say is that the effect of Jupiter having a non-zero velocity cancels out that effect almost exactly if the speed of gravity is c.
However, if you only do the calculation accounting for the retarded position alone, without accounting for the velocity of Jupiter, that would reasonably cause the effect that your quote talks about.
You're starting from the wrong premise. Gravity is not a force like electro-magnetism, gravity is the name we give to the phenomenon that results from the bending of space-time by mass. When an object responds to this curvature it is responding to local conditions, information is not being transmitted at any time.
Now what if the mass in question were to be suddenly removed? Then the curvature would go away, because there would be nothing to curve space-time. Would this violate the cosmic speed limit? No, because the change would be local and not transmitted.
The error you make arises from our identification of gravity as a classical force âelectromagnetism for example â and not a different phenomenon, what I like to call a first order force since it curves space-time in a different way than what I like to call derived, or secondary forces. (It's a long story and involves a bit of thinking I've done on the subject.)
By point is, the speed of light plays no role in the phenomenon because it does not involve anything like mediating particles and the transmission of information. The phenomenon we call gravity is entirely local because it is a response to local conditions. No need to transmit data, so no speed limit.
This may be the most interesting post of yours Iâve read yet (and I wouldnât have kept reading for very long if the mean interesting level was pretty high to begin with). Flattery thus achieved, is there any way you could elaborate a bit on how binary pulsars are used to measure the speed of gravity, and perhaps elaborate a bit on gravitational waves, as well?
So, my only question is;
Does this mean that nothing can go faster than the speed of light, or that nothing can go faster than the speed of gravity?
Haven't several Threadizens on Pharyngula (myself included) explained that to you already?
Of course we have. Gravity is a force like electromagnetism, and it results from the bending of spacetime by mass. Hey, waves and particles are the same thing, too. Gravity waves are gravitons, the same way that light waves and electromagnetic waves in general are photons.
But not instantly, because spacetime curves at the speed of light. Changes in spacetime curvature propagate at the speed of light (± < 1 %). Did you read the post? Really?
It would be transmitted. It couldn't help being transmitted -- as gravity waves.
Without math and without observations of reality, that's just philosophy and not science. Show your work if you have any.
Either local means "within the same tetrahedron with a side length of 1 Planck length", or you're wrong. Or both.
Don't bring your blog down with all this gravity. Let's raise the tone and talk about the global helium crisis:
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15231209
Hey, pretty much off topic, but the actual topic raised a question to me -
What would the ripples in spacetime represent? Specifically, If the curved space below the plane is causing gravity, what can be said about the area of curved space above the plane?
The implication is that it would be a force in the opposite direction, but would it still be considered gravity?
Interesting topic, noob question here. Why is it said that the 'plane' of space is curved by gravity? A plane is a wo dimensional object, but space is three-dimesional. Is this just a way to explain this 'curvature' thing, or is there a 'plane' out there somewhere?
Is this just a way to explain this 'curvature' thing
Yes. The two-dimensional plane is an analogy which is useful because absent an out-of-plane force an object orbiting a second object will remain in a plane. Also, it's easier to visualize a plane being distorted in the perpendicular direction of space than to visualize the equivalent of a space being distorted in the perpendicular direction of hyperspace.
What happens mathematically is that the mass distorts what is called the metric, which among other things allows you to compute distance in space-time. The resulting distortions in distance are equivalent to the "indented sheet" picture. Phrased another way, the geodesic (shortest path from A to B), which would be a straight line in space-time if there were no gravity, effectively changes to the path the orbiting object actually follows.
Darn... all those science fiction books are wrong. Poodle.
So, my question is with these waves of gravity... the assumption being that they act like EM waves and other waves we're familiar with. Can there be interference between waves of gravity? Or because everything with gravity is already in place and not bouncing around like a kid on a trampoline, are there no ripples in spacetime caused by gravity? Is the pulsar above more of an instance of frame dragging rather than gravitational effects?
So, if the speed of light and the speed of gravity are (nearly) identical, does this infer that light and gravity are manifestations of the same property or fundamental force?
Also, there is a semantics problem: "speed of gravity" implies that speed is an intrinsic quality of gravity, whereas "the speed at which gravitational effects can be felt" (measured, observed) implies that factors other than gravity itself are involved. There is a HUGE difference.
"[...] the gravity that the Earth feels right now pulling it towards the Sun is actually pulling it towards where the Sun was 8+ minutes ago!"
Actually, to first order it's pulling the Earth toward where the Sun is now, not where it was 8+ minutes ago. This is actually part of van Flandern's confusion, and is explained in this Carlip paper debunking van Flandern.
(To pick nits, the direction of the "force" is directed neither toward the retarded position or the instantaneous position of the Sun, but to the "linearly extrapolated instantaneous position". That is, "where the Sun `ought to be' now if I linearly extrapolate from its position 8+ minutes ago".)
mythusmage,
It is correct that GR is not a "force field" or "mediating particle" based theory.
It is not correct to say that there is, therefore, no speed-of-light limit in GR to the propagation of gravitational effects. There is. Changes in spacetime curvature at one location affect spacetime curvature at nearby locations, and these changes propagate throughout spacetime at the speed of light. The speed of light is built into the structure of spacetime in a very fundamental way.
William,
As Eric mentioned, the "ripples in spacetime" are partly an analogy. There is no "above" or "below" the plane of spacetime. The ripples are ripples in the spacetime metric which governs how distances are measured.
Gravitational waves don't manifest themselves as "sticking up out of spacetime". Rather, they manifest themselves in changes in the distances between objects: two freely falling bodies will suddenly become closer or farther from each other as a gravitational wave passes by. (This is how the LIGO observatory tries to measure them, using hanging mirrors as approximations to "freely falling bodies".)
OgreMkV,
Yes, there can be interference between gravitational waves, and orbiting bodies do generate gravitational waves.
bomoore,
In relativistic theories all interactions propagate at the same speed (the speed of light) -- be it electromagnetism, gravity, a nuclear force, etc. This does not itself imply that those interactions are unified. Rather, it's a reflection of the fact that all of them take place in spacetime. Relativity imposes a particular geometry on spacetime, and that geometry always has a special speed built into it which is always the same. We call it the "speed of light" because this speed was first measured for electromagnetism, but that same speed shows up in all relativistic theories.
Interesting. The reason the speed of gravity seems instantaneous is because gravity (IMHO) is cause by a gravitational field, which emanates at the speed of light, but affects all matter within the field, so it seems instantaneous. See my alternative theory of gravity..
http://www.theoryofgravity.com
are telling me warp drive is impossible?
I always thought the speed of light was the maximum speed allowed in traveling within/in the fabric of space-time but nothing prevented the fabric of space-time itself from traveling faster.
Forgot to add-
So why cant the ripples of space-time travel faster than light?
Thanks Ambitwister! I'm curious though about information: does gravity "carry" information, or does light carry information about gravity?
4 Why can't we see it in commetary orbits?
Comets are notoriously bad at following ballistic trajectories. The problem is that when they are in the vicinity of the sun, they are losing mass (and creating a tail). The hard to predict forces from this mass-loss process produce unpredictable accelerations that are too large to factor out.
If gravity worked like say EM waves, then you'd would have gravity not being able to escape from a black hole (i.e. the BH would completely vanish). So I assume treating it like a classical force only gives good results in the nonrelatavistic case. The bottom line (I would think) is you gotta do general relativity to understand it, and intution based upon classical physics will lead you astray.
So, Eric and Ambitwistor, let me see if I got this right, as this is something I have wondered about for a while. Are you saying that the trampoline-like analogy for space-time deformation is really for a deformation of distances in that space-time rather than a deformation into a fifth dimension? I always thought that it involved a fifth dimension and that this was one of the eleven dimensions, with the other dimensions being similarly involved in the three other forces.
One more question: Do all physicists agree that the universe has a speed limit and that both light and gravity "obey" this limit?
Gravity is the end result of mass separation, given that distance, is time of the speed of light in space.
If light cannot escape a black hole then the curvature of the black hole would be immense, the curvature due to density and the density due to the lack of distance between particles. The closer mass is to mass the greater the effect and the more immediate the effect ,due to close proximity.
If you have a single body then the gravity or space-time curvature does not have the same effect, Space/time gravity are flat, any gravity wave produced would be meaningless, there is no counter effect from a second body, hence meaningful /useful space/time /gravity are all artifacts of mass separation.
It is my contention that Gravity, space and time cannot exist separately, they are closely interwoven, one single entity alone cannot posses any of these artifacts. One single quark in a abyss of nothing cannot know the artifacts.
Distance between mass is the most fundamental aspect of all nature, it is the lack of distance that creates the monstrosity of a black hole, it is the gain of distance that accelerates the universe.
The speed of gravity may never change, yet the speed in which the gain of distance between mass does increase at universal scale and decrease at galaxy cluster scale and it is this increase that will someday rob us of the pleasure to see the other astrological bodiesâ¦
Gravity from an entity at such great distances is almost by itself meaningless, it is the accumulation of all mass gravity and their specific distances that dictate the shape of our universe and itâs components.
I do agree with some relativist who state that gravity is a manifestation of the curvature of space time and I would take that further to state that gravity is the curvature of space/time and the distance of time/space.
So due to this effect the time of gravity does change to any body not in the same acceleration. The speed remains the same.
The LISA hardware sounds very similar to an old proposal for a super-duper-giant optical space interferometer. I guess with radio waves the alignment requirements will be much easier to meet. I hope I get to see all these toys in their operational phase.
William, you are thinking of transverse waves due to the two dimensional nature of the rubber sheet visualisation, i.e. waves perpendicular to the direction of travel. Instead, think of longitudinal waves where the waves or oscillations are in the direction of travel. I.E. the difference between AM and FM radio or between simplified surface waves on water and sound waves through a medium.
Think of how sound waves oscillate as they radiate outward three dimensionally from an omnidirectional source. You have areas of rarefaction (the equivalent of the trough of a transverse wave) where air (space time) is less dense and areas of compression (the equivalent of the peak of a transverse wave) where the air (space time) is denser. At any point, the direction of oscillation is along (longitudinal) the same axis as the direction of travel of the gravity wave at that point.
I.E. instead of the up down effect of a transverse wave, it would be a push pull effect on anything the gravity wave passes through. It is the action due to this push pull effect that they hope to measure one day using very very large interferometers.
luke,
Warp drive is impossible in general relativity unless you postulate the existence of "exotic matter" (with negative mass-energy, or the like). See this paper for a proof.
luke,
The geometry of spacetime defines a causal structure, in which the speed of light plays a privileged role. If you perturb a gravitational source, the change in its local gravity will itself induce changes in gravity at nearby locations, and so on, with the disturbance propagating outward as a wave. Like all waves, this has a speed, and the geometry of space requires that this speed always equal the speed of light in vacuum.
bomoore,
Yes, gravity does carry information. That's why we're building gravitational wave observatories: to see what we can learn from a gravitational, rather than optical or radio, approach to astronomy.
Light can carry indirect information about gravitational fields (e.g., gravitational light bending), but elecromagnetism is not fundamental to the operation of gravity. Gravity works the same regardless of whether there is any light in the universe.
With respect to the speed of light, it's generally accepted that you can't propagate information faster than light in any relativistic theory (electromagnetism, GR, QFT, or whatever), since you always get a relativistic wave equation for disturbance propagation. But there are loopholes, as in my response to luke: if you're willing to mess around with the source of gravity in sufficiently weird ways, you can alter the causal structure of spacetime geometry enough to violate this constraint. It is highly debatable whether this is physically possible.
(Messing around with gravitational sources is the only way you can do this in relativity, because gravity determines the structure of spacetime, and the structure of spacetime determines the speed of light limit for all other relativistic theories such as electromagnetism.)
Brad,
"Are you saying that the trampoline-like analogy for space-time deformation is really for a deformation of distances in that space-time rather than a deformation into a fifth dimension?"
Yes, exactly.
"I always thought that it involved a fifth dimension and that this was one of the eleven dimensions, with the other dimensions being similarly involved in the three other forces."
No. For the purposes of visualization it's often possible to embed a 4-dimensional geometry into an "extrinsic" higher dimensional space (though perhaps not 5 dimensional). But this is purely for the purposes of visualization: it's hard to imagine what a curved 2D surface looks like without picturing it inside of a 3D embedding space.
The theory of general relativity itself does not refer to or require the existence of any higher dimensional space. All of its dimensions are "intrinsic", and it is possible to speak of the curvature of spacetime with respect to measurements made purely internal to the four dimensions of spacetime itself.
The eleven dimensions of string theory are similarly intrinsic and have nothing to do with "embedding" spacetime in some higher dimensional space in which to curve.
This just gets more fascinating! It's clear that science education misses the boat entirely, and that the "U" is more delicate than we non math-speaking types can imagine. I find myself reacting in perhaps a stereotypical way: it seems that when a theory encounters a hiccup, the solution is to say, Well, we NEED a "thingy" to fix this, so let's say that this "thingy" exists.
It seems that gravity is so fundamental to the "U" that without understanding gravity, the foundation on which theories rest is a bit inadequate to support exotic notions. Aren't physicists unconfortable with this?
Thanks for the answers to my question. This is a very interesting topic. Ethan has a knack for that.
this may seem far fetched and ignorant, but its simply an outsiders observation... could the speed of gravity perhaps be explained by how much depth we allocate in the fabric of spacetime, the sun with more mass, creates a larger tube if you will, in the fabric of spacetime thus creating stronger gravity? wouldn't gravity have a variable speed depending on the mass of the object obstructing the spacetime fabric? again this may seem silly but its all in theory :]
Omega Centauri,
"If gravity worked like say EM waves, then you'd would have gravity not being able to escape from a black hole (i.e. the BH would completely vanish)."
Not quite. Gravitational waves and EM waves are fairly analogous, at least in the perturbative limit.
EM waves cannot escape a black hole, but a black hole can have a charge and therefore an electromagnetic field. Likewise, gravitational waves cannot escape a black hole, but a black hole can have mass and therefore a gravitational field. Waves propagate changes in a field (EM or gravity), but that doesn't mean the field itself can't exist. It just means that whatever goes on inside the black hole can't communicate information outside the hole via a field.
See this FAQ for more.
bomoore,
Physicists generally believe that for most everyday phenomena, our current understanding of gravity (at the level of general relativity) is adequate.
This may not prove true for some extreme phenomena at very short distance or time scales (i.e., black hole or Big Bang singularities), or very high energies (typically far beyond anything we can access in a lab, although some extra-dimensional theories permit lower-energy consequences).
"If you simply took the Sun away"...
In my humble opinion:
Maybe this question just has no sense unless we define what "take away" means in this case.
Why are we assuming that the mass can be simply "took away" but not the gravity?
If gravity is an effect of the mass it should change at the speed the mass changes otherwise the gravity should present a kind of Doppler effect with velocity (maybe it can be tested).
Well, the main thing I wanted to say is that if you start your assumption with a fact that breaks the physical laws then nothing guarantees that you are going to end with something physically correct or possible.
matt,
It is conceivable to have a theory in which the speed of light depends on mass or gravitational field strength. But general relativity is not such a theory. The speed of light (in vacuum, in a locally inertial reference frame) is constant in GR. (In an arbitrary coordinate system it can equal anything, but that's an artifact of the coordinate system, not some observer-independent physically measurable quantity.)
Victor,
That's right. In general relativity it's not possible to conduct a thought experiment of "taking the Sun away", even in principle, because that would be inconsistent with that theory's laws (namely, conservation of mass-energy). It's a question with no answer since it contradicts the premises of the problem.
However, among physicists it's understood that this impossible thought experiment is shorthand for something that is physically permissible (if implausible), such as the Sun exploding outward at near-light speed or whatever. And in that case, the answer is "the sudden absence of matter in the vicinity of the Sun's previous location would make itself felt throughout space, gravitationally, at a rate equal to the speed of light".
Then a star moving at near-light speed will leave a trail of gravity like a boat in the sea?
Strictly speaking, it's accelerated motion that creates gravitational waves. Orbiting stars do produce gravitational waves, as Ethan mentioned.
(Technically, what you need for gravitational waves is a time-varying quadrupole moment.)
So the string theory guys agree with Einstein's relativity theory?
We call it the "speed of light" because this speed was first measured for electromagnetism, but that same speed shows up in all relativistic theories.
Posted by: Ambitwistor | August 26, 2010 12:31 PM
---
Thank you.
String theory is fundamentally a relativistic theory: it can only be perturbatively formulated in spacetimes which obey the field equations of general relativity (generalized to higher spacetime dimensions). In fact, the gravitational dynamics of general relativity can be derived, as a low order approximation, from the dynamics of string theory: strings imply gravity. (This is in contrast to quantum field theory, which not only does not imply gravity, but doesn't even appear to be consistent with it.) That's one reason why string theorists like strings. At higher energies, however, stringy gravity stops acting exactly like general relativity.
When an object responds to this curvature it is responding to local conditions, information is not being transmitted at any time.
David,
comment #9
The Graviton is a hypothetical virtual particle that is an attempt to âconcreteâ =( mass of coalesced particles) a mass formed when particles coalesce the actions of gravity), however it is nonrenormalsable and that is a definite problem for a real particle.
Gravity is not a force like electromagnetism,
No real graviton has been detected, while there is a real photon.
Dirac's second-order perturbation theory can involve virtual photons. The magnetic field between magnetic dipoles is caused by the exchange of virtual photons.
Virtual photons may have three or four polarization states, instead of the two states of real photons
Virtual particles are an artifact of perturbation theory , and do not appear in a non-perturbative treatment.
These virtual particles are indirectly detected as interactions between particles.
Real photons are directly detectable as individual particles in particle detectors
Quantized general relativity is not renormalizable , unlike quantum electrodynamics.
General relativity is said to be background independent. In contrast, the Standard Model is not background independent, while gravitons are not considered to be a part of the Standard Model there has been no good experimental evidence that they exist. The Standard Model of particle physics contains only renormalizable operators.
Waves and particles are not the same (thing)phenomena, they are however two separate descriptions of RQM relational quantum mechanics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics
Hmmm... it would seem that most of the universe exists as extreme conditions, while our human / animal / planet scale, although the product of extreme conditions, is actually the oddball state. ???
4% normal matter = oddball state? Hmmm...
On a lighter note I Personally feel stuck in the middle between (clowns and jokers)extreme states.
What is odd, is that "It will make sense".
Perhaps oddball is the wrong word, but abnormal sounds weird: still, 4% normal matter wouldn't be normal, would it? Minority matter? Familiar matter? Friendly matter? Home space matter? We are stuck: we really can't exist anywhere but "here" because "here" made us. Personally, I'm a child of earth, specifically Wyoming, and I wouldn't want to live anywhere but the home planet.
Indeed, I agree,Yet traditionaly it is "normal" to us,It is our first experience.
Do you think their was more or less "of the 4%" in the past?, that is "While gravity works to change the Universe".
There is no past; there is information about the past, and the human brain is probably the least accurate recorder of that. I suppose physicists are lucky in that they access the past as data. As a geologist, teasing out what happened is forever out of reach; experience is the greater part of our understanding of existence and we can only imagine what earth's history actually looked, smelled and felt like. Oh my! No wonder physicists and engineers complain that geology isn't a science. But geologists are so very NORMAL....
u huh,
ha,ha,ha,ha, don't get me started.
As far as normal matter, .4% luminous and 3.6 nonluminous, seems their may have been a paradigm shift to call normal matter-ordinary matter.
OK then, Just a point to ponder, will the 4% ordinary matter increase or decrease in the future, given the data from the past and what we now know.
One thing that puzzles me is we attribute a % Percentage to Dark matter, a % to Ordinary matter, yet their is a void of knowledge of % when it comes to Black hole matter. Sure Black hole matter is in a category separate from ordinary matter...right?, we do know that Black hole matter consumes Ordinary matter and IF we find that Dark matter is consumed by Ordinary matter then we would need to know which matter consumes the most aggressively, I've got a pretty good guess. We speak of matter in the context of force carriers, phases, states, yet we rarely speak of the percentage matter in transition from one type to another (due to gravity of course).
Does the consumption of Ordinary matter cause Dark matter to maintain 4% Ordinary matter?
Or will they both conspire to eliminate Ordinary matter?
I never got Einstein's physics. I find it impossible to visualize the curvature of space, or how time can be altered by velocity.
I just can't visualize it. Personally, I'm incredulous.
I just can't visualize ti too. can you show any video ?
I think that warp drive is impossible in general relativity unless you postulate the existence of "exotic matter".
@Sphere Coupler: We know the abundance of baryonic matter ("ordinary matter", as you call it) from primordial nucleosynthesis, which happened in the first minutes after the Big Bang. Since in all likelihood no black hole were around there, there was no "black hole matter" at that time. So we can conclude that today there is probably *less* baryonic matter than the percentage we know from primordial nucleosynthesis - if we count "black hole matter" separately.
Personally I believe it is instantaneous, there's actually no speed or a way to measure it. A simple but yet effective example would be that of putting your hand over fire, you unconsciously remove your hand because you get burned, the signals are sent to the brain and the brain makes the reaction to remove the hand so we cant actually give it a speed or measure it
@GuerillaOntology: Huh? You are skeptical of relativity because you can't visualize it?!? Since when does the validity of laws of nature depend on if one can visualize them or not?
Thanks Bjoen,
Yet I still don't understand why BHM does not have it's own slice of the pie today.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matter_Distribution.JPG
Never mind, I guess it is lumped together (intergalactic gas and about 0.1% neutrinos and 0.04% supermassive black holes)in the non luminous matter catagory.
Can I have your permission on using this article for my science shcool papers ?
So, if the speed of light and the speed of gravity are (nearly) identical, does this infer that light and gravity are manifestations of the same property or fundamental force?
This is a wonderful post indeed. When I read this I remember why I didn't become a scientist. You explained very well but I still couldn't understand :(
Th speed of gravity is... well, sorry I can't, but thanks for the post anyway! :)
The theory that the speed of gravity=speed of light has come under question by numerous sources, most recently by the AAS. Of course physicist will continue to argue both sides of the story. At this point it's about which side do you believe.
So, if the speed of light and the speed of gravity are (nearly) identical, does this infer that light and gravity are manifestations of the same property or fundamental force?
Posted by: Adim | August 29, 2010 9:21 AM
No, it means that light moves in the environment of gravity and the environment of gravity dictates the speed of light.
Right Ethan?
When an object responds to this curvature it is responding to local conditions, information is not being transmitted at any time.
Posted by: Hamza | August 28, 2010 8:34 AM
Hamza,
The curvature found in the local environment IS the result of mass information...All mass, it's just that local mass has a much greater gravitational effect due to the closer proximity.The strength of this field at any given point is proportional to the planetary body's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the body.
Sphere Coupler,
The way I would phrase it is that space and time are connected, and they are related, proportionally, by the speed of light. The speed of light, as far as we can tell, is a constant, and is always the same constant, and is the only speed that ever shows up in general relativity.
Light travels at the speed of light (by definition), and gravitational information (gravitational waves, for instance) also travels at that same speed.
Yes, your phrasing is clearer and more concise, thank you.
Yet, if light can not escape a black hole and presumably gravitational waves also can not escape ( the standing field generated by Black Hole Mass is not effected) then the "time in flight" of the speed of light and gravitational waves is affected within the dense environment of Black Holes but not the speed...right?
I am not from this professional background and am here out of sheer simplicity of your content. I want to ask a layman question : How do you distinguish between speed of gravity and escape velocity?
I always wondered whether the speed of gravity would be affected by black holes. If a planet existed closer to a black hole, would the force of the pull within the black hole affect gravity?
Can't agree with mage more!
Gravity is not a force like electro-magnetism, gravity is the name we give to the phenomenon that results from the bending of space-time by mass. When an object responds to this curvature it is responding to local conditions, information is not being transmitted at any time.
I have not this professional background but at least i can read and understand the theme.
I think in our dimension the speed of light and gravity is limeted to the known values. In the inner of the Black Holes
there is another room time travel possible at least in theory which are faster then light and gravity speed.
Right so what is effectively being said is that the gravity we feel at current is actually caused by the sun's actions from 8 minutes ago? I'm struggling to understand how the speed of light can be any indication of how long it would take for gravity's effect to be known? It says 8 minutes difference for light but if the sun was to vanish would we feel the force immediately while still seeing the light? I know what I mean but can't explain it lol
Next question: Can gravity waves be used to send out information from within a black hole's event horizon.
I'm not a physicist, but my theory is that the effects of gravity would be instantly lost if the 'mass' were to suddenly vanish. Of course, mass can't just vanish. Everything has a cause and effect, without one, you can not have the other. Again, I'm not a physicist, but I think photon particles and graviton particles act vastly different, and are not interconnected in the way that's being explained here.
For those having trouble visualizing relativity: these are objects and relationships between matter, energy, space, and time that the human brain is not equipped to visualize. Mathmatics is the language that describes things outside our "normal" experience. Our brain evolved to operate in physical conditions on earth; it has no ability to understand the universe directly: scientific instruments expand our senses and create conditions (atom smashers, etc.) that exist elsewhere in the universe.
The drawings, graphs, and illustrations that scientists use to demonstrate possibilities are not the actual "things" - they are crude visual tools geared to our vision-dominated minds.
This is a really fantastic article. I'm going to forward this on to my husband. He is a big science guy and hes been researching and discussing gravity quite a bit lately.
Amazing article, but I don't think scientists have even touched on what gravity truly is and how it might benefit is.
Wow, fascinating stuff, if I was an NBA Player, I'd definitely be using this kind of science in alternating my shot. Gravity is on your side, lol.
wow.. I wish I understood this in highschool.. I would have been able ot alter my shot and get better a balance
It says something when some of the real commentators posts are indistinguishable from the spam rehashes. Re: 75-79,81
The 2D representation of a 3D phenomenon is of course misleading. Space isn't so much "curved" as "puckered". :-)
Robert S. - how true. but you missed a few. Have a look at numbers 83, 84,85.
Very nice post and comments. May I am ask 2 questions.
1) Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime. As photons move along such a rippled path from A to B, do photons lose energy as they ride up and down the ripples of spacetime?
I assume that gravitons would not lose such energy because there is no shielding of the gravitational force by mass (or energy, i.e. gravitational waves) and hence gravitons would not feel (so to speak) the ripples of gravity; rather they would tunnel right through. But it would seem that photons would lose energy riding the ripples of spacetime.
2) Why will LISA succeed; where LIGO and others have failed to detect gravitational wave?
If Super-massive Black hole matter is approx. 0.04% of indirect observable matter and ordinary baryonic matter is under 4%, then I think that the Schwarzschild radius is insufficient to describe the amount of matter contained within the radius. Their is no evidence to indicate that BHM is in the form of Ordinary baryonic matter and many clues to indicate that it is not. Due to the extreme curvature of density and the Coupled Angular Momentum of Black Hole (baryonic?) Matter , the condition of this matter could be quite different from Ordinary baryonic matter and if this extreme condition of black hole matter produces a diverging gravitational effect due to this extreme curvature-due to extreme density-due to extreme lack of distance then the gravitational effect could be dampened so that it would take more Ordinary baryonic matter to see he effect that we see. One way we could work this into the mathematics is including the time and consumption rate from the beginning, the amount of converted Ordinary baryonic matter to Black hole matter could be grossly under-determined and could constitute a larger portion of the missing mass.There may even be a dynamical relationship between Dark, Ordinary, and Black matter (and most likely is)where condensation of Dark matter slows the consumption of Ordinary baryonic by converted Black Matter.Sure the Schwarzschild radius works if we assume that black hole matter is baryonic but why would ordinary baryonic matter not be extremely converted by extreme curvature/density/LOD?
I think that we must count Black Hole Matter separately, and I think that in the future it will require a higher portion of the pie chart in comment 65.
As it stands as of 9/4/10
73% Dark energy
23% Dark Matter
4% Baryonic Ordinary Matter divided as 0.04 luminous and 3.6 non luminous.
It has to change, because if it don't then the song I posted in comment 53 won't make sense and we just can't have that!
Stuck in the middle with you, cover by Steelers wheel
Sorry, should be
dampened so that it would take more (consumption of)Ordinary baryonic matter to see he effect that we see.
then the song (and video) I posted in
I'm done.
Happy Labour Day!
Too funny. I got here through random surfing and saw the quote a the top.
It's Danny NEVERATH (it's misspelled a lot on the net). He was a radio (and sometimes TV) host in Buffalo from the 1960's through the early 1990s. I didn't care for him much, but someone must have.
What would be the fastest way to remove the mass of the sun? Spreading out the mass in all directions at the speed of light would still mean that the center of mass would act in a similar way during the first 8 minutes - sending the mass in the opposite direction of us would give us a gradual change in gravity during those 8 minutes. Could we turn all that mass into energy? And would that be closer to taking the sun out of the time-space, or how would the curvature of space react then?
@Joffemannen: Instantaneously teleport every particle of the sun into another universe.
Casey Pearson asked, "How do you distinguish between speed of gravity and escape velocity?"
No one else answered, so I'll take a stab at it.
The faster you throw a rock into the air, the farther it will arc before it lands, yes? If you throw it fast enough (and are above the atmosphere) then the rock will orbit around the earth instead of falling back down to the surface. If you throw it even faster, it will have an orbit with peak farther away.
How fast do you have to throw the rock so it will escape the Earth's gravity and not orbit it? That is escape velocity. Escape velocity depends on the mass of the object. The moon's escape velocity is slower than Earth's, but Jupiter's is faster.
And these speeds are all within speeds that we can make rockets and satellites go: not very fast compared to the speed of light. It takes years for a space ship to get from Earth to Jupiter, but light just takes a few hours.
Escape velocity is not how fast gravity "travels". The speed of gravity was described in the article, but let me try a different analogy. Let's say you had a telescope and an imaging gravity detector. (There isn't really such a thing, but let's just pretend you could "seen" objects by their gravity.) Since it takes hours for Jupiter's light to reach us, when you point your telescope at Jupiter, you're really looking at where it was hours ago. So where do you point your imaging gravity detector? Same place, or where you think Jupiter is now?
Physicists are really really sure you point the gravity detector at exactly the same location as your telescope: the speed of gravity is the same as the speed of light. And that is very different from escape velocity.
Finally, let me add that one of the definitions of a black hole is an object whose escape velocity is equal to or greater than the speed of light. Which means, of course, that you can't get out.
OKThen;
Iâll address/Part2) of comment 90
LIGO is a dual ground based system incorporating laser interferometry 1,865 miles apart, thus triangulation is possible.
LISA is a triad space based system incorporating laser interferometry approx.5-million-kilometer apart, thus equilateral triangulation is possible.
Further more LISA will have the capacity to systematically rotate at a annual rate.
So you can see that LISA will be more sensitive to curvature fluctuations (gravitational waves)... than LIGO and the combined viewing of LISA and LIGO may enable a better understanding, since the two systems deal with differing difficulties to overcome, the two systems may in conjunction enhance the total overall gain than one system alone.
In the future it may be possible and fruitful to synchronize three consecutively linear orientated satellites with even greater distance between them to lend us a view from a different perspective.
As with any phenomena, the more views you obtain the clearer the picture will be, The faint elusive structure dynamics in this context is a challenge.
Check out the link provided above, by Ethan http://lisa.nasa.gov/
Speed of gravity 'c' is a wrong interpretation.
1. Aberration of gravity is for real. If there is a propagation delay there will be aberration.
2. For the sake of argument let me assume the speed of light and therefore speed
of gravity is a mere 10 miles per hour, do you think the orbits of planets relative to the motion of the solar system will hold up and be stable under that kind of aberration?
3. Space time curvature may be a local effect but the local curvature which directs the motion of planets is dependent on the actions of the far away sun. The local curvature must be updated in real time instantaneously in order to have stable orbits. In that respect gravity is not a locally motivated source.
4. The so called gravitational waves are so flimsy(We don't feel them and our sensitive detectors cannot find them) and therefore cannot be the cause of real gravity even if they exist.
5. Just because speed of light appears in GR equations, it should not lead to speed of gravity conclusions. It is merely for coupling mass and energy.
Real Gravity
1. Space is the carrier of gravity(and matter). Properties of space will determine the speed of gravity.
2. The ZPE energy of space is 120 orders as currently estimated. That kind of energy would easily
endow space with extreme energy densities and create conditions of space with extreme superluminal wave propagation properties.
3. Gravity is basically transmitted as a bulk tidal force wave as opposed to a kind of surface wave.
4. Accordingly the gravity speed is of about 26 orders of magnitude over speed of light.
5. This kind of speed cannot be even detected by any experiment on earth, therefore gravity waves will not be found in the near future.
I would post re comments but am lost.
Question re statement from above: But in general relativity, things are much more intricate, and incredibly interesting. First off, it isn't mass, per se, that causes gravity. Rather, all forms of energy (including mass) affect the curvature of space. So for the Sun and the Earth, the incredibly large mass of the Sun dominates the curvature of space, and the Earth travels in an orbit along that curved space.
My question is: First you back off the mass statement causing gravity then go forward acting on it alone. Confusing. The problem is that the greatest by far mass of the universe is dark matter & dark energy (having mass)so wouldn't it logically follow that we have no clue? Since we can't even id DE or DM? Recent studies trying to correlate visible matter with unided matter/energy have worked from about a 17 to 1 ration & discovered that even our supposedly visible matter can't be all ided. So, doesn't that sound like our understanding/concept of gravity is so far off base that it can't be considered workable? See Velikovsky's work referencing why gravity is wrong. Over 60 years ago before I was born.
bomoore - I agree that our brains evolved specifically for the conditions and laws on Earth and that is what is easiest for us to understand. But nontheless, our brains are incredibly powerful and it is quite possible with the correct amount of understanding and practise, to visualise even quite alien concepts (and many scientific laws are alien or counterintuitive to what we may actually perceive in nature). I don't think that the human race has yet to come across something that we can't 'visualise', provided that we fully understand how it works via mathematics and such.
As for relativity - it's also quite possible to see how it works with your mind's eye and why it works the way that it does, thereby gaining an actual 'understanding' of it rather than just memorising the rules and assuming its true. I have managed to do so at least - although I inevitably end up forgetting half of it after the explanation or text is over. In my mind the problem is two-fold:
1. It is indeed conceptually hard to understand - although certainly far from impossible.
2. But more than anything - it's just that the vast majority of explanations of relativity tend to be either flawed or poor at relating the mechanics behind it - instead just using a jumble of big words and implying concepts that the author just takes for granted that his readers would be immediately familar with.
I for one, was never able to grasp time-dilation at speeds approaching c until I read of the analogy, where it was explained what would happen if 2 spaceships both travelling at a good fraction of the speed of light attempted to bounce a beam of light between each other - or something to that effect. Until I read that example - I simply never really grasped the concept, yet afterwards it became a lot easier.
@Richard
Hi, The very first post here, probably asked the most interesting question...
"Is the speed of gravity reduced by the medium through which it travels in a analogous manner to the slowing of the speed of light through various media?"
If we imagine a ripple passing through a large (and dense) object such as a star, and if we assume that a medium has an affect on gravity, then we should expect "ripple" of the wake of the star to fall behind.
I'm no scientist (I have more heart than raw brainpower unfortunately), but I would love to find out how I can answer my own (and in this case Richards) question(s). What resources of astronomical data are publicly open for us lesser mortals to make our own "scientific" inquiry?
@Richard
Hi, The very first post here, probably asked the most interesting question...
"Is the speed of gravity reduced by the medium through which it travels in a analogous manner to the slowing of the speed of light through various media?"
If we imagine a ripple passing through a large (and dense) object such as a star, and if we assume that a medium has an affect on gravity, then we should expect "ripple" of the wake of the star to fall behind.
I'm no scientist (I have more heart than raw brainpower unfortunately), but I would love to find out how I can answer my own (and in this case Richards) question(s). What resources of astronomical data are publicly open for us lesser mortals to make our own "scientific" inquiry?
it seems to me that Einstein's proposition that gravity would travel at the speed of light would disprove his theory that gravity consists of the bending of space. space is either bent, or it is not, and it seems if you remove the object it is not bent, and the gravity disappears. On the other hand perhaps discovering the speed of gravity is crucial to understanding what it actually is. Even so,, what do we mean by speed of gravity anyhow? Can gravity even travel? Or is it in fact only other types of matter, objects that can travel? By the way if we assume that gravity can travel that would have very strange implications for gravity itself. It really can't travel, if you think about it.
the answer is: Since the mass that causes gravity cannot be moved away faster than the speed of light, then gravity will never be changed faster than the speed of light. If that mass could be removed instantaneously, then gravity would be instantaneously changed for any object in the area
We know that even the light can not escape black holes. Why? There is only one possibility that gravitational force pulls light with greater speed than the speed of light. The speed of gravitational wave is many times higher than the speed of light at black holes.
Ethan, I appreciate the article. I think you are one of those who "gets it" while also being able to explain to those who are not physicists themselves in relatively graspable terms (Though i'm sure my engineering background helps me along a bit too). I didn't get to read all the comments, but you answered something i've wondered about: Does the fact that the speeds of gravity and light are identical suggest that gravity and electromagnetism are unified. You say not necessarily. It is more like a speed limit of spacetime that both light and gravity and other forces are hitting. I have to point out though that the expansion of space is actually faster than the speed of light, that is why we are out here being able to observe the big bang! Do you agree?
The formation of the universe was virtually instantaneous even as the gravitational fields were forming to establish the current uniformity that we see today. That being given, gravity is instantaneous.
According to tests done by Harvard since the 1950's the visual affects of an eclipse do not align with the gravitational alignment, in fact the tests show that the force of gravity arrives "before" the visual event. Light has aberration, it appears gravity may be faster, some theories may need revised.
http://home.netcom.com/~sbyers11/grav11d.htm
I do not necessarily agree with the authors interpretation of emission and blockage, but the data shows that the gravitational and visual events do not align.
Quote "Conclusion (from Saxl and Allen via OCR program) "Quantitative observations made with a precise torsion pendulum show, in agreement with many earlier less precise recordings made at Harvard since 1953, that the times required to traverse a fixed fraction of its total angular path vary markedly during the hours before the eclipse and during its first half, i.e., up to its midpoint. Also the significant changes in these times do not coincide exactly with the astronomically determined onset, midpoint, and endpoint of the eclipse", (Note: marked a..b..c respectively on the above graph.)
"We know that even the light can not escape black holes. Why? There is only one possibility that gravitational force pulls light with greater speed than the speed of light."
Nope. If, for example, the emitting surface were retreating at the speed of light, there would be no light leaving where that surface was.
Just one example.
Alternatively, gravity could move at zero speed. It is, however, everywhere. And it subtracts energy from the photons until there is no more energy left.
That one isn't serious, but it's as physically sensible as your "only one possibility" that nonetheless causes light to extinguish and doesn't travel faster than light.
"If that mass could be removed instantaneously, then gravity would be instantaneously changed for any object in the area"
Unless (and this is where my maths doesn't get anywhere near where it needs to be to answer this), the energy that that mass contained itself gravitates. If photons self-gravitate, then there may be no different from a mass that blows itself apart and matter that annihilates to nothing.
Also, and this goes back to my reflective box idea that the panicky one avoided answering: when you accellerate the box with just photons inside, the energy of the photons hitting the side you're pushing increase in energy and therefore resist the motion.
Is that inertia?
Isn't that reflective box containing solely photons now a model of matter?
I suspect that a model of matter based on a reflection of photons would require creation of photons to make inertia match the inertia of the mass and that the mechanism for this creation would break many things so is not useful as a model, but it's an interesting realisation, isn't it.
Gravity is not instantaneous. It travels at the speed of light. The fact that gravity has no observable aberration does not contradict this. Rather, it highlights a misunderstanding.
Many of you are assuming that when gravity reaches an object, the object is pulled in the same direction that the gravity came from. But this is wrong.
When the source of the gravity is moving (relative to the object) the force acting on the object is skewed. Think of the force as the combined effect of the gravity and the movement. So, gravity arrives at the object from a particular direction but the force pulls the object in a different direction. The angle between the two directions depends on how fast the source is moving.
When light and gravity from the sun reach the earth, they are both coming from where the sun was about 8 minutes ago. But the gravitational force is skewed at a slight angle, because the sun is moving relative to the earth. This angle mostly cancels out the aberration caused by the movement, i.e. the earth is pulled towards a point which is indistinguishable from where the sun is now.
If (hypothetically) the sun's movement suddenly slowed, the earth would be pulled towards a point away from the sun. This would continue for over 8 minutes, until the information about the sun's change in velocity propagated out as far as the earth.
Since the force of gravity appears to be directed towards the sun, it is a common mistake to believe that the gravity comes from that direction. This then leads to the incorrect conclusion that gravity must travel faster than light. But, realise that the direction of force and the direction of travel are not the same, and everything makes a lot more sense.
There is no reason to abandon General Relativity. Or even to revise it.
Ok... 1% in the scheme of things that margin is huge... to presume that gravity moves at the speed of light give or take 1% is simply grasping at a straw. Einstien said alot of very inteligant things but he was not caperble of calculating the speed of gravity as he still belivied in gravitons.
Come on I dont have a degree in physics and this si simple to me to understand.
The speed of light is taken so often as a constantbut yet we know that the speed of light is affected by gravity (Eienstien) so how can we measure somthing by the the fact that effectes the actual item we sre trying to measure it by?
Why gravity itself can escape a black hole?
Why gravitational waves do not get weaker as they escape the black hole?
Since gravity escapes the black hole, it should provide information about what is going on into the black hole (like different densities).
"Why gravity itself can escape a black hole?"
Because gravity in particles is the exchange of gravitons between two bodies.
The gravitons from a black hole can't catch up to each other to exchange, but they CAN catch up to, for example, a photon, and exchange gravitons that will pull that photon down.
"it should provide information about what is going on into the black hole (like different densities)."
There's no reason why it should.
And indeed it doesn't.
You can get some topology changes from rotating black holes, but whether that is the mass itself rotating (at what speed?) or (more consistently plausible), merely the rotation of the field, is rather deeper than I can answer.
"The speed of light is taken so often as a constantbut yet we know that the speed of light is affected by gravity (Eienstien)"
No, light still moves at lightspeed.
It just doesn't go in a straight line and is redshifted.
If that light is redshifted to a zero frequency, then there is no light.
In fact a redshift would be expected even if you didn't know any general relativity since the frequency and energy of a photon are related and it takes energy to move out of a gravitational well.
Reference Mr. Jug Suraiyaâs very thought provoking article âEinstein Wonât Mindâ (Speaking Tree, Oct. 9, 2011, pg. 7). Einstein is great, but Newton is all time great. I would like to quote his few excellent lines from this article before I come to main theme of this article: âFaith and religious beliefs are destinations reached; science and skepticism are journeys without endâ. But itâs to be modified. In Veda it is written, âNeti, Netiâ, ânot the end, not the endâ. So in Vedic religion journeys never end. I consider Vedas the most honest scriptures which do not limit the scope of further exploration of truth. Now I come to the speed of light. This has long been proved since the time of discovery of black holes that the speed of light is not the fastest. Black holes do not allow even light to escape. It means the escape velocity at the black holes is much higher than the speed of light. Black holes are the infinitely dense ball of gravitation force. All creational forces of the universe have originated from the gravitational force field and will end up in it. The speed of light is no doubt fastest in our solar system. The source of light is Sun in our solar system. But how this light is originated? We should study the various stages involved in the formation of a star. Our Sun is also a star.
The starting material for the formation of a star is mainly hydrogen gas and helium gas. If the hydrogen cloud contains a very large number of atoms, each atom feels the gravitational pull of all the atoms in the hydrogen cloud. (Here is NO LIGHT)
The gas cloud becomes a permanent entity, held together by the mutual attraction of all the atoms present in it. The cloud then begins to contract under its own gravity setting off the process which will convert this huge condensed gas cloud into a star. Such a tight contracting cluster of atoms held in the grip of its own gravity, is called a protostar. The protostar is not yet a star and does NOT emit LIGHT. The temperature of this star is as low as -173 degree C.
The force of gravity acting on different atoms in the protostar draws every atom towards centre. As a result, the protostar shrinks in size and its density increases. As the atoms in the protostar fall towards the centre, they pick up speed. Because of the high speed and greater density of atoms, the atoms in the gas cloud collide with one another more frequently, thereby raising its temperature from -173 degree C to about 10 ^7 degree C. At these extremely high temperatures the proton (hydrogen nuclei) at the centre of the protostar collide together and undergo a nuclear fusion to form helium nuclei. In this reaction a tremendous amount of energy is released. This further raises the temperature and pressure. The release of nuclear energy marks the birth of the star. The protostar now beings to GLOW and becomes a STAR. Here at this stage LIGHT is ORIGINATED. Thus light is NOT ETERNAL. It has a beginning and an end. So LIGHT cannot be claimed as Cosmic Constant. However, Gravitation Force is eternal.
It is evident from the above description that light is latent before the birth of star. Light originates and become kinetic only after the action of gravitation force. So the speed of light can never exceed the speed of gravitation force. It cannot be ruled out that the speed of gravitation force is infinitely greater than the speed of light at black holes.
Wolverine can't be wrong!
I agree with some previous posters.
Gravitons do not exist and gravity is not transmitted by particle or waves.
I believe gravity acts in the same way as magnetism, ie, instantaneously.
Gravity and magnetism are a field, not a wave or particle.
Plus, it would be too boring and make it impossible for realistic space travel if the speed of light was the max :)
Postulator,
Where to begin? First of all, you certainly seem to lack a basic understanding of special relativity. SR tells us that there is no such thing as an "instantaneous" interaction. All transfers of energy over a distance require time to occur. The fastest speed for such an interaction is c, the speed of light.
Second of all, it seems that you fail to understand that in modern physics, at least at a microscopic level, the distinction between the concepts of "wave" , "particle", and "field" disappears entirely. In quantum field theories (such as QED and QCD) the "field" whether that be the electroweak field or the strong field, is mediated by virtual "particles". Further, depending on how you measure these "particles" they might very well be better looked at as "waves". In reality, these concepts are not distinct at the quantum level, the distinction rests entirely at our everyday macroscopic level. For instance, a single electron can pass through two slits simultaneously and interfere with itself. That is not the behavior of a particle, but rather a wave. All quantum particles (and in reality all particles) can exhibit this behavior. For macroscopic objects, the wave aspect is too small to be measured or observed, which is why this seems to fly in the face of common sense.
Back to QFT's. In QFT's the field is carried by particles. For instance, the electromagnetic field is carried by photons. (There is no separate phenomenon of magnetism, it's only an aspect of the electromagnetic field). If you observe what we normally refer to as a magnetic interaction, what is happening at the quantum level is that two charged particles are exchanging photons. Since photons (being particles of light; (there's that whole lack of distinction between waves and particles again!) the interaction obviously must travel at the speed of light, and is therefore not instantaneous.
Now, the big thing with QFT's is that they ALWAYS give the right answer. That is, there has never been an experiment that contradicts QED or QCD. The only real problem with them is that there is another theory of physics that has this same property, namely general relativity, which is the theory of gravity. This indicates that neither QFT's nor GR provides a full theory of the universe. Both are incomplete. Since the quantization of fields led to such good results for the other forces, it makes sense to try to similarly quantize gravity. Hence the graviton, which is the particle that mediates the quantized gravitational field. Since, because of technical details involving these theories, the graviton must be massless, it must travel at the speed of light. Therefore, the gravitational interaction must travel at c.
does gravity violate the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
www.engineeringtoolbox.com/law-thermodynamics-d_94.html The second law is concerned with entropy, which is a measure of disorder. The second law says that the entropy of the universe increases.
Whereas gravity left alone causes order since the particles in motion are at some point no longer in motion
@ Rafe
entropy is not solely a measure of disorder. Entropy is more a measure of information in a system.
Gravity on it's own doesn't violate 2nd law. Just like we don't violate it. And particles are always in motion. Even in a rock hard diamond, the atoms are still moving.
Even if you have so much matter that you end with black hole. You still have increase in entropy.
Entropy is a consequence of energy.
When things gravitationally collapse and form a smaller distinct object, the total energy of the system is decreased.
depends what is in the system and what's outside... the energy can't be lost.
If you have gravitational collapse.. some of that entropy.. or energy will be radiated away by heat i.e.
So even if you say that the energy of the system is decreased, that "missing" energy isn't gone... thus 2nd law isn't violated
Well, the energy is lost to high entropy photons.
But entropy is a model of something, and the universe does what a universe does irrespective of our assertions about it. And therefore the models are correct only in so far as they usefully explain the universe's actions when that model is applied to it there.
And in this case, entropy isn't very useful at all.
This is a problem of "reification".
Or lazy thinking.
then the question is for a black hole.
1. the energy of the absorbed device is retained inside.
2. No radiation can escape
3. The black hole becomes a buzzing mass since no energy can escape
4. all momentum captured in a black hole stays in a black hole
Is there a point where the momentum captured in a black hole overcomes its gravitational pull and some matter seethes out?
Hawking radiation allows energy back out and gives a black hole entropy that depends on the surface area of the event horizon.
hawking don't allow this Wow re-learn your books
This is a looong and very informative thread.
If gravitational attraction from across the universe passes near black holes in its looong journey, will the force of gravitation be 'redshifted' (weakened)?
Is this not the same effect as dark energy?
My ignorance of physics should be obvious from this post, no need to dwell on that too much.
@ Graphiste
You should let Stephen Hawking know that he screwed up when writing A Brief History of Time and he said that Hawking Radiation would allow black holes to lose energy, and gave them entropy.
I'm sure he'd be grateful.
Gotta love the playstation 3 themed water ripple!
Revision to my comment yesterday. If an object is receding from you at a great fraction of the speed of light, would the gravitational radiation from that object be redshifted, i.e., weakened? So would the gravitation of the universe therefore be insufficient to stop post-Big-Bang expansion? If this was neglected would it throw off the calculation leading to the conclusion that Dark Energy exists?
If so, the universe expansion could actually be slowing rather than increasing, but it might not ever stop expanding.
Dennis, there aren't enough black holes to make up the difference.
Same with the missing matter being black holes or brown dwarf/extrasolar bodies. Not enough of them, since enough would have a visible consequence.
To Wow -- as near as I can tell, my second point is the better one. Not much has been done to decide what is the gravitational attraction of something receding at 90% of the speed of light, versus regular gravity at nonrelativistic speeds. If it is substantially less, then maybe you don't need dark energy. If the attraction NOT going to remote galaxies is still conserved, somehow, in the matter NOT receding relativistically, then maybe you don't need dark matter either.
Measuring the gravitational attraction of relativistic neutrons as they pass near each other might give a clue, but even at 99% of c, the force involved is somewhere around 10^-4g to 1 g, for an extremely small amount of time. And it is not easy to make relativistic neutrons let alone make them pass near each other.
Dennis, the answer to that query is held within the mathematics of the field equations.
You will require some hard reading before you can get that..!
To Wow -- Thanks. I know it would be hard work to figure this out for myself. It seems like a simple question that may have been asked and answered already, saving me all that work. My primary concern is eliminating simpler alternatives to dark energy that may have been overlooked, not becoming a world expert on general relativity. Also I'm not sure if the problem is general or special relativity. Nothing is accelerating. I just don't know how gravity is treated by special relativity. I can think of two possible answers: either gravity is unchanged, or it is diminished by a Lorentz factor, like light.
It has been answered.
Problem, you'd need to be a postgrad to understand it.
If you have access to a large library with science papers, you can google scholar for this stuff and read it, but a webpage, even ATL where you can put pictures, graphs, equations etc nicely, is NOT a method to pass that sort of information on.
You need a proper science publication in your hands.
Dennis,
I'm not a physicist, so there may be exceptions to this, but any problem that deals with gravity is by definition a problem in general relativity. Special relativity does not deal with gravity. To see this, think about why the theories have the names that they do.
What is "special" about special relativity? The answer is the geometry of spacetime that is being considered. General relativity can be applied in any spacetime geometry. Special relatiivity is applicable only to a special case, namely flat spacetime geometry. However, relatitivity tells us that gravity = curvature of spacetime. Therefore, special relativity, dealing as it does only with flat spacetime, cannot handle gravity.
A thought that I do not have enough knowledge to phrase elegantly ...
If both gravity and light have the same speed, some posters are postulating that both are in the same 'family' of forces - not necessarily EM. Isn't it also possible that since we cannot separate the forces from the medium of 'space', the speed of light and that of gravity are actually the limits imposed by space itself? It seems that what is being observed is the 'rebound time' for curvature, with the assumption that space reacts to gravitic force instantaneously.
"If both gravity and light have the same speed, some posters are postulating that both are in the same ‘family’ of forces – not necessarily EM."
No, just means it's massless. Which also gives it infinite range.
Nobody thinks that the graviton is the same as a photon (the carrier of the EM force).
Gravity must be able to travel faster than the speed of light. Recognition should aid in explaining dark matter, and other conundrums.
Why "must" it?
There have certainly been applications of instantaneous gravity theories to the cosmos. It was the deviation of galaxy rotations from the expectation of Newton's Law of Gravitation -- an instantaneous gravity theory -- that started the whole Dark Matter conundrum. MOND is a modified yet still instantaneous law of gravitation that does well for galaxy rotation but does poorly on larger structures (and absolutely terrible at the largest scales). We started with faster-than-light gravity, and have since tried faster-than-light gravity, and it didn't help prevent/explain the problem. So much for that.
On the other Special Relativity gives us very good reason to believe gravity must NOT travel faster than light if we want a universe without causal paradoxes. And that's what GR assumes and it's so far beaten the pants off all other gravity theories.
NASA uses infinite speed of g in their calculations and it works.
My idea of gravity moving is this one:
Please take into consideration that this application is only used as an illustration, that the figures are arbitrary, and that I am only working with a two dimensional model as opposed to a true and more accurate 3 dimensional one. And what’s more I am only an enthusiastic layman.
Now to begin with, let’s say this. Gravity does not move at the speed of light or at any speed at all. Let’s say instead, that gravity is attached to its mass object and travels with it. Therefore gravity is always present whenever the mass that provides the gravity is present. And what may move at the speed of light or at any other speed, is its effect on other objects including other gravities. I don’t believe That gravity moves to an object, grabs it and tugs at it.
For my model as to what gravity may be, I use as an example, and also for the sake of the argument, the assumption, that the sun is 3000000 miles in circumference, and also saying that there are 3000000 gravities surrounding that particular perimeter of the sun. And that each gravity unit is placed side by side with no room between them. And also saying that each gravity unit has a force of one hypothetical gravity. Or as what I may call “Grabs”.
Now let’s add to this the arbitrary characteristic that this amount of 3000000 gravity units possesses one gravity force each and that 3000000 grabs is the constant amount of grabs for the sun. Meaning that at the surface of the Sun there is a hypothetical 3000000 Gravity units, each containing One grab each. Resulting in a total 3000000 Grabs, within the 3000000 gravity units, each containing one grab.
In the center of the sun there would be a different amount of gravity units, as would be beyond its surface.
Also arbitrarily added is the factor 6 which is the progressive characteristic of a hexagonal honeycomb, as is illustrated in the crude diagram below.
As you start to leave the surface of the sun, the constancy of 3000000 units of gravity would remain, but would be spread over a larger area. Thus forcing the gravities to split into smaller sections, and with less force, but always maintaining the arbitrary Constant total amount of 3000000 gravitational grab units.
Now If we were to measures from the center, and multiply that distance by 6, our result would be the amount of gravity units the Sun would have at that point.
And if we take and divide the Constant amount of 3000000 by the amount of gravitational units, it should give us the value of the gravity forces.
Measures from center x 6 = Quantity of Gravity units = Gu
And since the constant Quantity of Gravity units CGu is 3000000
CGu (3000000) / Gu = Gravity force = grabs
For example:
Measured from center to the surface (Its Radius) 500000
Gu = 500000 x 6 = 3000000
CGu = 3000000 / Gu 3000000 = 1 force
Therefore at the surface there is a hypothetical quantity of 3000000 Gus of 1 Force each
At surface: 3000000 gravity units of 1 gravitational grab(Given)
At center: 1 unit of 3000000 gravitational grab (Assumed as given)
One measure from center 1 x 6 = 6 units of (3000000 / 6) = 6 units of 500000 grabs each
Two measures from center 2 x 6= 12 units of (3000000) / 12) = 12 units of 250000 grabs each
Three measures from center 3 x 6 = 18 units of (3000000) / 18) = 18 units of 167000 grabs each
Four measures from center 4 x 6 = 24 units of (3000000 / 24) = 24 units of 125000 grabs each
Five measures from center 5 x 6 = 30 units of (3000000 / 30) = units of 100000 grabs each
Twenty measures from center 20 x 6 = 120 units of (3000000 /) = 120 units of 25000 grabs each
100 measures from center 100 x 6 = 600 units of (3000000 / 600) =600 units of 5000 grabs each
500000 measures from center (Its Radius and which is at Surface) …
500000 measures from center500000 x 6 = 3000000 units of (3000000 / 3000000) = 3000000 units of 1 grab each
As you extend out from the surface the gravity continues but is expanded in the same fashion.
For example:
At above the surface or:
At 501000 measures from center 501000 x 6 = 3006000 units of (3000000 / 3006000) = 3006000 units of .998 of grab each
At 550000 measures from center x 6 = 3300000 units of (3000000 / 3300000) = 3300000 units of .909 grab each
At 1000000 measures from center x 6 = 6000000 units of (300000/6000000) = 6000000 units of .5 of grab each
At One astronomical unit from the Sun:
93000000 measures from center x 6 = 558000000 units of (3000000/558000000) = 558000000 units of .005 grab each
Bear in mind that these numbers:
The 3000000 Constant, and x6 factor, the formula of CGu /Gux6 are only for illustrative purposes.
"I don’t believe That gravity moves to an object, grabs it and tugs at it."
The quantum form does. The force carrier graviton does it just as the photon does for electric or magnetic forces.
"gravity" doesn't grab. gravitons do.
From a GR point of view, the information about where something is cannot move faster than light, therefore the "knowledge" that a mass is placed at a certain location, even if that mass is moving, cannot be progressed further away at a given time after its position there is set faster than the speed of light. Therefore the curvature of spacetime cannot change faster than the speed of light can get the information about the location of the mass causing it to that location.
In this case, gravity still doesn't grab anything, but spacetime curve changes that enact a "force" (similarly to the fake centrifugal force) can only reflect the change at a speed no greater than that of light.
Your unit of grabs is a very ancient form of graviton explanation. One Newton might have used, if he didn't have a word for "angel".
Thanks for the comment, but remember, light is visible, gravity is not. Therefore light has to move to be seen, once seen it is gone unless more light arrives. Gravity on the other hand has to actually be there to be effective. And unless you or the massive object carrying the gravity move away, the effects of gravity will still have its "GRABS" on you.
@Joe Mendez: You seem to be confused (or not trained) to understand the difference between a propagating wave and a static field.
The static magnetic field which holds your grocery list onto the refrigerator "has to actually be there to be effective." It is the same "kind" of magnetic field (in the sense of obeying the same Maxwell's equations) as the oscillating field which forms the light or radiowaves which travel from a source to a receiver at the speed of light.
You can learn the difference by studying classical electromagnetism in an undergraduate college course. I recommend J.D. Jackson's text if you really want to know the details.
Once you understand this subject, then I think you'll have a much better handle to deal with gravity, and the differences between a static gravitational field (from a "fixed" mass), propagating gravitational waves, and the underlying quantum mechanical basis for both.
Thanks, but I prefer 'not trained' more than confused. As I said I'm just an enthused layman. It seems that you are sort of echoing my own words between gravity and light, light travels,gravity does not, So why should it have a velocity? If gravity does travel, as some say, then little by little it should waste away from its source until it is depleted completely. My question is, is there any evidence to show that gravity has wasted away from any particular massive object.
@Joe Mendez #147: Sorry, but you are very "confused." I guess you think that "gravity travelling at the speed of light" means that somehow the Earth, or Sun, or whatever, has a supply of "gravity bullets" that it can shoot until it runs out. No, that is not how gravity works.
A massive object distorts spacetime around it in a fixed way. That distortion causes other things moving nearby to move closer to the object (that is, to "fall") than you would otherwise expect them to.
If you push the massive object around slowly, the distorted spacetime comes along for the ride (this can be quantified in general relativity, but that is beyond your current understanding).
If you push the massive object quickly enough, the change in the distortion takes time to propagate out. The speed of that propagation (in the form of gravitational waves) is the same as the speed of light.
"Thanks, but I prefer ‘not trained’ more than confused."
However, unfortunately, reality doesn't have to comport itself to our own benefit.
"Thanks for the comment, but remember, light is visible"
YOU HAVE X-RAY VISION!?!?!?!
Michael & WOW I never said light was invisible, I said gravity is. Light empties out, gravity is the opposite, it fills up. But you guys seem to be stuck in a gravitational mental black hole, and only what you learn is what you know, with no room for new ideas. I'm sorry I can't be as smart as you guys.
@Joe Mendez: The fundamental problem is that you use words and phrases which don't mean anything. "Light empties out". "Gravity fills up". Neither of those sentences have any scientific content whatsoever. They probably have a really profound feel to them, but that is just the profundity of ignorance.
If you would like to actually learn something about gravity and electromagnetism, I would recommend a basic undergraduate text, such as Halliday and Resnick, or if you have some science or engineering background, a more advanced E&M text such as Jackson.
If you are not willing to learn the physics involved, but just want to continue to generate empty platitudes, that's certainly your choice. But you're not going to find any useful discussion outside of your private echo chamber.
you win
"Michael & WOW I never said light was invisible"
Joe, none of us said you claimed light was invisible.
I claimed you were wrong in saying that light was visible: IR is not visible. XRays are not visible. Microwaves are not visible.
If you're going to pretend an entire thread of conversation, please do it on your own blog, or at the least leave it in your head where it doesn't affect the shared reality of the rest of us.
TIA.
Hi, I couldnot read all the postings. It seems to be the right place to ask a very theoretical question: The sunholidayreturnproblem. What would be the consequences, if sun would go on holiday without any warp. Switched off immediately. Earth would get into darknes in about 8 minutes. As gravity is slightely slower, Earth will travel a certain amount of time on its orbit around the sun before flying away tangentially. When the sun is switched on again, light will sooner or later reach earth. But what is with gravity? Could Earth be reached again? It depends on the circular speed of an object. If this velocity is between the speed of light and bigger than the speed of gravity, earth could not be reached. AND: gravitation changes in distance. What theoretical Happenings are there? I'd be very pleased, if you could provide a basic solution....Thanks.....
"When the sun is switched on again, light will sooner or later reach earth. But what is with gravity?"
Gravity will do it again. At the speed of light.
The earth would be in a different orbit, probably the same energy orbit with a tangent appropriate with the trajectory at the time gravity "came back on", therefore much more elliptical.
Which could be bad for the planet's orbit in the medium (astronomically speaking) term.
It would be bad for the climate and life on the planet too, if it's too variable over a year.
Hi, sorry, but gravity is slower than light. That's been proven about 6 years ago. And this facts make it very interesting. You are absolutely right, that such a 'holiday' would affect our clima. But basically I try to look at the Earth's pathway. You can calculate the 'speedometer-indication' by deviding the circumference through 365.xx days. But: gravity decreases with distance. I'd not that sure, that gravity is fast enough to capture earth again. Perhaps pluto or mercury yes. I do not know at what orbit-radius a mass will leave the system. The Speed of a planet increases in accordance to its distance to the sun? How does gravity decrease? The statement 'gravity at the speed of light' simply is not correct, sorry.....
I would be highly interested in a reference to a source that shows that gravity was proven to be slower than light in 2008. You may be thinking of the whole FTL neutrino controversy, but if so, that has NOTHING to do with gravity.
@Kreugel Gunter #157: You seem to have some very basic misunderstanding of gravity.
1) Changes in gravitational sources (such as removing the Sun, or shaking it back and forth rapidly) do propagate at exactly the speed of light.
2) A static gravitational field (like that of the Sun, or the Earth, or the Moon) falls off as the inverse square of the distance (that is, 1/r^2) from the source. We have extremely precise experimental and observational measurements for this.
3) Points (1) and (2) are fully coupled. A 1/r^2 dependence is *only* possible if changes in the field propagate at the speed of light. If they were slower, then the distance relationship could not be 1/r^2.
4) Escape from the Sun is not determined by some magical "distance", like a threshold or doorway. It is determined by the _speed_ of the object. At any given distance from the Sun, an object with a radial speed higher than a limit called "escape velocity" will move away from the Sun, and continue to move away forever. At Earth's orbital distance, that speed is 30 km/s. We have launched a total of five objects (Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and New Horizons) with speeds above solar escape velocity.
Earth's orbital velocity is about 20 km/s. If the Sun vanished, the Earth (eight minutes later) would start moving tangentially at 20 km/s, from a starting distance of about 150 *million* kilometers. How long, in your thought experiment, are you leaving the Sun "off"? One second? One day? One year?
Knowing that, you can calculate how far from the Sun the Earth would be when it came back. Most likely, the Earth would simply get pulled back into _some_ orbit, one much more elliptical than our current one. Just as Mars, Jupiter, and even Sedna are in orbit despite their larger distances.
If you left the Sun "off" for long enough, the Earth, coasting along at 20 km/s, would eventually reach a distance where solar escape velocity was lower than that (near Jupiter's orbit). If you waited that long, then put the Sun back, then the coasting Earth would slow down, but would follow the Pioneers and Voyagers on a trip to forever.
Ok, I understood that we differ in our thinkpatterns. It's been a nice conversation anyway, but for me and my philosophy it seems to be useless to continue. P'haps mankind simply is not ready yet to get that. I try it later......very very later.......live long and prosper
ROFL
"Hi, sorry, but gravity is slower than light"
Sorry, you're wrong.
@Kregel #160: Given that your "philosophy" appears to be both mathematically- and content-free, your decision is probably for the best. Have a nice day.
What a load. What the supposed scientists call science is actually philosophy, or actually religion or mysticism. "Science" has gradually drifted in the last century towards irrationality. Notice this Michael Kelsey just has to let you know he is from SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This is argument from authority and irrational. Notice also the snide personal attacks (not at all scientific). The present is similar to the past when the authorities represented a church.
"the gravity that the Earth feels right now pulling it towards the Sun is actually pulling it towards where the Sun was 8+ minutes ago! (Weird, isn’t it?)"
It's weird but it's wrong. See http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9909087 Quote: 'the gravitational acceleration is directed toward
the retarded position of the source quadratically extrapolated toward its “instantaneous”
position, up to small nonlinear terms and corrections of higher order in velocities.'
Sorry if this has already been corrected in comments.
I think that part of the reason is that gravitational radiation is only the propagation of *changes* in spacetime curvature. The gravitational effects on Earth depend on the curvature of spacetime in the vicinity of Earth. As a field, that field is already all around the Earth. The effects of gravitation (eg. Earth's curved geodesic) do not require continuous new information from the sun.
Has anyone concluded as I have that
Time
Distance thus space
Matter
are illusions when examined close.
I am working on a theoretical Physics approach that takes this in to account and those I have shared with real trouble giving up these traditional concepts like I am a heretic.
I am following some leads and hope to trigger a response from other intellects.
Re the speed of gravity.My rexamination using less doubtful concepts to build on suggests that gravity has as much need for a speed as it does for a toothbrush. A theoretical physics that can comfortably embrace gravitational observations has yet to arrive. Save up for one of my Antigrav units (patent pending) coming soon to a store near you.
If I show earthlings gravity can I rely on them to weaponise it?
Stay tuned as the quantstringnewtonstien conundrum gets amakeover
No-one would imagine that gravity is similar to electromagnetism.It might be true however that the interaction of electomagnetic waves and the higgs particle might in some way explain gravity.There is no proof that objects bend space-that is an easy assumption that most people seem to accept
@jeremy cx #168: I'm guessing that you are neither a physicist, nor have had any training in physics whatsoever.
You do, however, seem to have a talent for stringing together words you know are associated with physics into apparent sentences.
Many, many physicists have both "imagined" and done the detailed calculations, to show that gravity in GR _is_ similar to electromagnetism, at least in the structure of the equations. Please look up "gravitomagnetism" in a reputable physics source (which does include Wikipedia).
There's no sensible physics theory or model which uses electromagnetism and "the higgs [sic] particle" to "explain gravity." The Higgs mechanism is already intimately connected to the electroweak interaction, in that it is crucial to explain why some of the gauge bosons are massive, while the photon is massless. Again, please look up a reputable source for details.
There is plenty of proof that objects "bend space [sic]". The curvature of spacetime, as predicted by general relativity, is observable in the excess precession of Mercury's orbit, in both weak and strong gravitational lensing (first observed in 1919 with solar eclipse observations), and in the detailed timing of orbits of pulsars and other strong gravitational sources.
Curved space-time is most assuredly not "an easy assumption," unless you're setting up a straw man argument as part of your ignorant attack on what you don't understand. Please review, in reputable sources, some of the history of the mathematics and physics involved: keywords like "non-Euclidean geometry", Riemann, Poincare, or "conformal field" should help you get started.
It seems quite simple, gravity is but a wave from the oscillation of sub protonic particles. The interaction of these "particles" and the corresponding waves create mass . The gravitational quanta are the resonant speeds at which there is an impedance match between the form and the wave. Only at the right convergence speed does the form absorb and reemit the wave inline. Otherwise the waves are emitted in random directions. One cannot pass through ones own wave emmisions as they propagate at C. A compression of these waves would cause near infinite mass thus requiring near infinite energy to accelerate surpassing the universal wave propagation speed , C.
Also space doesnt bend, particles absorbing and reemitting radiation would be found in higher densities nearer dense objects. And thusly the uniformity of oscillation being in proportion to the distance from the center of mass would lense the radiation in the very way it has been observed.
if the gravity where to effect the sun and the sun affect the earth then how do the planets between then not affected by the ripple of gravity waves causen unbalance in the inter system (don't laff at me if it is simple i am only 17)
Sorry, for my basic knowledge, just a simple question: if the gravitational field is to be considered a geometrical modification of the spacetime field, how come this generates ripples? Aren't ripples caused by mechanical inertia of water mass? How can this similitude work with spacetime, being pure geometry? I can suppose there are inertial reactions caused by the presence of planets but then they are so small in comparison to sun and that's not what is suggested in the article anyway.
Thanks to who is going to clarify this basic point...
We're at now now...
Gravity cannot act from where an object was even at speed c, or it would slow down the object that created it, thus stopping the whole system in short cosmic time. Sunce things are still moving, we have evidence that gravity is instantaneous and always acting.
it was pretty cool from my point of view but I still don't get how fast light is to be really exact.
how would gravity effect earth and not just that earth is going to go off the orbit and that nobody would be able to survive due to heat loss
What don't you get about how fast light is? And what was your other post talking about???
And, no, Clint, your assertion is complete rubbish. YOU may "know" it, in the same way as someone "knows" they are Napleon, but nobody else does.
I have not been able to understand curved space for years. Maybe I have a mental vision problem -- but a curve requires a boundry, like a curve in the road, and space has no boundries
how can it curve?
In my elementary mind ,I see that all objects have gravitational 'Auras" ,that formed with the creation of the object.and all the surrounding factors,forces,and gravity's from other objects.. The objects mass determines the gravity's strengths. The gravity is,and has always been, with the object as it was formed.It didn't 'travel' to the object,and it's relation and 'travel speed' to other objects was defined in the creation.It has always been there.It didn't travel