public health
tsmith | August 19, 2006Razib over at Gene Expression has an excellent post* about cultural issues affecting HIV and circumcision, elaborating on Lindsay's mention here of the limitations of trying to increase circumcision as a way to reduce viral spread:
There was a strong undercurrent of resistance to the approach throughout the session. It finally erupted during the question period. One man asked the panelists whether they considered circumcision a form of mutilation, and what kind of counseling or support services they would put in place to offset the traumatic effects of the surgery? When Auvert pointed out…
tsmith | August 19, 2006One catchphrase that permeated the conference this past week was "scaling up." I just want to wrap up my posting here with a brief discussion of what that is, and what that means as far as HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment.
Readers who are scientists or who have some kind of science background will probably be famililar with the concept of a "pilot study." This is a study, generally small in scale, where new ideas are tested, and preliminary data are gathered. For example, a pilot study looking at how the ABCs of prevention work may take 100 individuals and split them into two groups: 50…
tsmith | August 17, 2006 If one thing has been hammered home this week (and, indeed, over the past 25 years) regarding HIV/AIDS, it's that prevention is key. Treatments, while improving, are still a distant second place to preventing primary infection as far as the fight against AIDS goes, and a large portion of the world's HIV-infected population still has no access to these treatments. Prevention, therefore, is critical. And while the condom has become the symbol for HIV prevention, strategies go far beyond that tool.
Over at WebMD, they have a nice summary of many of the key points from this week's…
tsmith | August 17, 2006This week's issue of the New England Journal of Medicine contains two articles on AIDS that are available free of charge.
The first article, Changing the Paradigm for HIV Testing -- The End of Exceptionalism, goes over content I blogged about here, discussing moving toward a more universal testing paradigm. The article focuses on issues specifically in the United States, but certainly many of the points have broad applicability.
The second article, AIDS in 2006 -- Moving toward One World, One Hope? is a broad overview of the lessons learned and problems still faced regarding HIV therapy…
tsmith | August 17, 2006I see he already mentioned this while I was out of town, but I just ran across it: Squid Soap:
More on this and handwashing in general below the fold...
SquidSoap is a fun soap dispenser designed for teaching children healthy hand washing habits.
SquidSoap works by applying a small ink mark on a person's hand when they press the pump to dispense the soap. The ink is designed to wash off after the hands are washed for about15-20 seconds, which is the time recommended by most doctors.
Really clever, actually. There's a little ring of ink on the top of the pump, so kids have to wash long…
tsmith | August 16, 2006DarkSyde over at DailyKos has his own post up today on the anthrax letters. He asks for "Thoughts, plots, conspiracies?", and gets quite a few in the comments, so be sure to check those out as well.
tsmith | August 16, 2006 In the United States, approximately a third of those who are HIV-positive don't even realize it. Worldwide, that number can be much higher. Because of this, and because those who don't know their HIV status can play a large role in continuing to spread the virus, in recent years, there has been an increased push for more universal HIV testing, in order to decrease this percentage unaware of their HIV status, and theoretically, reduce spread of the virus. But is this a good idea, and how exactly would and should it be accomplished? This was the topic of discussion at a session titled…
tsmith | August 15, 2006I've blogged previously about the massive effect vaccines against the human papilloma virus (HPV) could have. HPV is a common sexually-transmitted virus. Though most strains are harmless, a few have the potential to cause cervical cancer. Therefore, the HPV vaccine will be the first one ever specifically intended to prevent a type of cancer.
This vaccine has recently been approved by the FDA, and is set to roll out shortly. This is already expected to be a rather contentious issue as the vaccine is rolled out in the U.S. and elsewhere, as one target group for vaccination is adolescents…
tsmith | August 15, 2006 There's been quite a bit of discussion in the news lately about how safe we are (or aren't) in the light of the recent terror arrests in the UK. As we approach the 5-year anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, many changes have been made in the name of protecting us from terrorism. Some of them, including adding additional first responders and public health workers (and preparing them for a variety of emergency situations) are good in theory, but have been sorely underfunded. Other measures, unfortunately, are little more than theater as Revere suggests, including the current focus on your…
tsmith | August 14, 2006 To use my earlier post on stigma as a jumping-off point, there was a session today titled Religion and New Leadership: the Challenge to Deliver (video available at the link). Speakers included religious leaders from a variety of religious and cultural backgrounds, discussing the role they play in working to control the AIDS epidemic. It was noted that churches haven't completely come to the reality that people living with HIV/aids aren't just a "they;" but that they're also members of their churches, mosques, synagogues, etc. It was emphasized that this sense of people living with HIV…
tsmith | August 14, 2006While Lindsay give the quote of the night to Bill Gates and much of the coverage in the press this morning focuses on his talk of microbicides, his wife Melinda spent much of her time discussing the stigma that comes with being diagnosed with HIV. She discussed how political figures won't accompany her when she goes out to discuss the virus with sex workers, and how many women in AIDS hospices have been abandoned even by their own families.
Stigma makes it easier for political leaders to stand in the way of saving lives....This is a serious obstacle to ending AIDS. In the fight against…
tsmith | August 14, 2006 The control and eventual eradication of the smallpox virus from the wild is one of the most heralded success stories in all of public health. Indeed, smallpox has played a central role in the history of vaccination. Even prior to Edward Jenner's use of the related cowpox virus to protect against smallpox disease, it was known that inoculation with materials from an infectious smallpox pustule or scab (dubbed "variolation") could protect an individual from death due to smallpox, generally resulting instead in a mild form of the illness. Jenner's observation that milkmaids seemed to be…
tsmith | August 13, 2006If I could have been at this week's conference for one session, it would have been this morning's symposium on AIDS denial and responsible journalism. Hannah has already mentioned it and given her impressions and thoughts. The session itself was moderated by HIV researcher Daniel Kuritzkes and journalist Laurie Garrett, currently a Senior Fellow on Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations. Talks were also given by HIV researcher John Moore, South Africa-based science journalist Tamar Khan, Toronto Star science reporter Kim Honey, and Nathan Geffen of the Treatment Action Campaign…
tsmith | August 11, 2006As y'all may or may not be aware, the XVI International AIDS Conference begins this weekend in Toronto. For those of you who read Seed magazine, you've seen that the current issue focuses on "AIDS at 25," and they also have an online summary here. As a matter of fact, myself, a Seed journalist, and a freelance science writer will be blogging the conference at a temporary blog this coming week; myself remotely from Iowa, and the others live from Toronto. So while AIDS will be at the forefront of this blog for a few days, I also have some posts on tap about other issues in infectious disease…
mikethemadbiologist | August 11, 2006Since I'm off to Woods Hole to give a lecture about antibiotic resistance, I thought this interview from the old site with Dr. Henrik C. Wegener about antibiotics and agriculture would be appropriate.
In looking through some things at work, I came across this interview with Henrik C. Wegener, Ph.D., Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Foodborne Pathogens and the Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research about antibiotics and agriculture. It's from 2004, but it's still pretty good (it's interesting how, on the internet, once something gets past two…
tsmith | August 10, 2006So it would seem.
West Nile is spreading beyond birds, horses and humans. A squirrel has tested positive for the virus and hundreds more are showing the same symptoms
People are finding squirrels in their yards or parks that look like they've been injured because they aren't able to walk. In some cases they're disoriented, running around in circles or shaking. Now it's believed they're suffering from West Nile.
(More below...)
West Nile virus (WNV) is another arbovirus; that is, a virus that's transmitted by an arthropod (in this case, the mosquito). Typically, the virus cycles between birds…
tsmith | August 10, 2006I wrote several posts on mumps outbreak here in Iowa this past spring. However, we aren't the only I-state to have dealt recently with an outbreak of vaccine-preventable disease. An editorial in yesterday's New York Times highlights the dangers of withholding vaccincations.
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In the spring of 2005, an outbreak of measles occurred in Indiana. The unvaccinated index case had been traveling in Romania on a missionary trip, where she picked up the virus. Measles is one of the most infectious viruses we know of, and when she returned home, she ended up spreading the virus…
tsmith | August 9, 2006And the winner of today's bad headline award goes to:
Sexual lyrics prompt teens to have sex
Teens whose iPods are full of music with raunchy, sexual lyrics start having sex sooner than those who prefer other songs, a study found.
Whether it's hip-hop, rap, pop or rock, much of popular music aimed at teens contains sexual overtones. Its influence on their behavior appears to depend on how the sex is portrayed, researchers found.
Songs depicting men as "sex-driven studs," women as sex objects and with explicit references to sex acts are more likely to trigger early sexual behavior than those…
mikethemadbiologist | August 9, 2006Joseph beat me to it: there's a Nature article about platensimycin, an antibiotic that inhibits lipid biosynthesis in Gram positive bacteria. While it's not in human trials yet, it's always good to have another antibiotic that's effective against MRSA and VRE. Now, if it only worked against Acinetobacter...
mikethemadbiologist | August 9, 2006There's a very interesting article in Emerging Infectious Diseases about which risk factors are likely to result in an increased likelihood of a macrolide (a class of antibiotics) resistant Streptococcus pneumonial infection. One important factor: having failed to take a full course of antibiotic therapy in the previous six months. In other words, patients didn't listen to their doctor. Usually, the arguments for responsible use of antibiotics revolve around not making a general problem worse for others. Here we have pretty compelling evidence that if you're stupid and don't do what your…