Yesterday's brief look at brontotheres was such a rip-roaring success I thought I'd do a little bit more on them (on members of Brontotheriidae that is, not on rip-roaring successes). No time for a proper article: all I've done here is to take screen-shots of various powerpoint slides (from a perissodactyl lecture I give), and throw in a few words where appropriate.
To begin with, we mostly know of brontotheres thanks to the gigantic, Late Eocene North American taxon Megacerops Leidy, 1870, now thought to include both Brontotherium Marsh, 1873 and Brontops Marsh, 1887 (the slides shown here were produced before Brontops was sunk into Megacerops). It was previously argued (e.g., Mader 1999) that Brontops differed from Megacerops in the cross-sectional shape, size and orientation of its horns, but it has since been argued that a continuous range of variation seen among Megacerops specimens negates any effort to split them into separate genera. Megacerops was the last North American brontothere, and the only one present in North America during the Late Eocene. It's the best known member of Brontotheriita, a clade that also includes Protitanops, Eubrontotherium, Notiotitanops and Duchesneodus, all of which are from late Middle Eocene (Mihlbachler, cited in Janis et al. 2008). In the slide above, the life restoration at left is of course by Burian; the silhouetted reconstruction is by Greg Paul.
Henry Fairfield Osborn famously used brontotheres to illustrate his idea of orthogenesis: essentially, 'straight line evolution', where animals evolve in a single direction (typically, toward greater body size and, in brontotheres, toward ever larger horns). None of the animals used to illustrate orthogenesis support it, as newer discoveries have shown that they are merely twigs on a far more complex tree (the other branches of which do not form the tidy series required for the orthogenetic hypothesis). Eotitanops, shown here from a painting by Graham Allen, was a sheep-sized, long-lived Early and Middle Eocene basal brontotheriid. Like other basal brontotheres (some of which, like Pakotitanops, were Asian), it lacked horns. More derived brontotheres (the Brontotheriinae) include the central Asian Embolotheriina (see below) and Brontotheriina, the clade that includes Protitanotherium, Diplacodon and Brontotheriita (Megacerops and close kin).
Typically associated with North America, brontotheres were a constant and important presence in Eocene Asia. Basal brontotheriids, and both basal and derived brontotheriines, inhabited the continent, and some inhabited Europe as well. The presence of brontotheres in the high-latitude Arctic faunas such as those of Ellesmere Island (Eberle & Storer 1999, Eberle 2006), is interesting.
One of the most interesting groups - hey, here's a whole slide devoted to them - are the embolotheriines. The body shapes and limb proportions of at least some of these animals indicate that they were hippo-like and amphibious (Mihlbachler et al. 2004). Sauropod workers might be interested to see all those '-titan' names. Some embolotheriines (labelled on the slide as 'Embolotheriinae' because I followed the taxonomy used by McKenna & Bell (1997)) are best known for possessing gigantic horns often described as resembling battering rams. These horns are apparently hollow and quite fragile, so a role in vigorous combat might be unlikely. Broken and healed ribs and facial injuries have been reported in other brontotheres, so they almost certainly did fight, and sexual dimorphism in horn size and shape supports the idea that males battled for territory and/or mates. And soooo much more to say, but that'll have to do.
Refs - -
Eberle, J. J. 2006. Early Eocene Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla) from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic: implications for brontothere origins and high-latitude dispersal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26, 381-386.
- . & Storer, J. E. 1999. Northernmost record of brontotheres, Axel Heiberg Island, Canada - implications for age of the Buchanan Lake Formation and brontothere paleobiology. Journal of Paleontology 73, 979-983.
Janis, C. M., Hulbert, R. C. & Mihlbachler, M. C. 2008. Addendum. In Janis, C. M., Gunnell, G. F. & Uhen, M. D. (eds). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), pp. 645-693.
Mader, B. J. 1998. Brontotheriidae. In Janis, C. M., Scott, K. M. & Jacobs, L. L. (eds) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, pp. 525-536.
McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. 1997. Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.
Mihlbachler, M. C., Lucas, S. G., Emry, R. J. & Bayshashov, B. 2004. A new brontothere (Brontotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Ily Basin of Kazakstan and a phylogeny of Asian "horned" brontotheres. American Museum Novitates 3439, 1-43.
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Hi Darren,
I have a great love of the Brontos - in the same way a man can love the Entelodonts. I can also think of another couple of cracking reconstruction: Dan Varner did a superb one; and if you check out Raul Martin's website, he has really excellent one as well. And least we forget, didn't an Embolotherium star in the second Ice Age movie?
It's a pity that such great names like Brontotherium and Titanotherium was lost... Should the family now be called Megaceropidae? I sugest they could be "ressurrected" baptizing new genera with names more "Greeky" Brontotherion and Titanotherion, for example, or even Brontother (ther, with long e (eta), Greek for beast)
J. S. Lopes wrote: "Should the family now be called Megaceropidae?"
No, family group names do not change when the type genus is found to be a junior synonym - International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 40.1
Megacerops was also present in the very earliest Oligocene of the White River Badlands, or so I have read in many sources. However, it did not last past the first...section or formation, I don't know what one would say regarding the time period, and may have just been a "Dead Clade Walking".
See previous comment!
What's the relationship between brontotheres and rhinoceroses?
Thank you, Darren! Bronto- or Titano- theres have long been some of my favorite animals.
Trivia: Brontops/Brontotherium/Megacerops is just the tip of the nomenclatural iceberg. The same (probably) animal has been given several other names as well, including (I think) Titanotherium, Titanops and Diploclonus.
More trivia: Many, many published sources depict a skeleton of one with a broken (and and imperfectly healed) rib: this is based on a specimen displayed at the American Museum of Natural History (New York). (Emotionally, I find that this sort of sign of an event in an individual animal's life makes me feel closer to a fossil taxon.)
And a booklength attempt by Mihlbachler to sort out part of the Brontothere taxonomic mess can be downloaded from the AMNH website (either a "Bulletin" or a "Memoir," in the last 3 or so years).
good animals:)
[from Darren: stop spamming. I will delete your url every time.]
Darren: Telling a spambot to stop spamming is useless. The best course of action, AFAIK, is banning the IP address.
Wait a minute, I guess kelebek isn't a spambot. But still, worst comes to worst, I think it is possible to ban certain users altogether, particularly if they are engaging in contemptible activities like spamming.
Back on topic, when I was younger, I was very fascinated by these large rhino-like herbivores; the brontotheres, dinoceratans, embrithopods and toxodonts were all not rhinos, but the former 3 groups did have some sort of nasal ornamentation.
See the previous post.
PZ mentions parenthetically that he bans spambots left and right.
"the brontotheres, dinoceratans, embrithopods and toxodonts were all not rhinos, but the former 3 groups did have some sort of nasal ornamentation."
Some toxodonts (the nesodontines, I think) also had a rhino-like nasal horn.
A book I read as a child said something about native Americans finding the bones of brontotheres, and equating them to the "Thunder beasts" of their mythology-hence the name. The connection between mythology and paleontology might make an interesting future article!
I had a funny moment in my graduate year at high school.
A rather scrawny 'jock' was commenting that my brontotherium appeared to have "2 penises" on it's nose. Luckily my "girlfriends" where there to clarify his rather silly statement.