Giant Roadrunner-like Dinosaur Fossil Discovered

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An artist's painting of the newly discovered Gigantoraptor dinosaur, depicted with other smaller dinosaurs. Fossilized bones uncovered in the Erlian Basin of northern China's Inner Mongolia region show the Gigantoraptor erlianensis was about 26 feet in length and weighed 3,000 pounds. The discovery of the giant, birdlike dinosaur indicates a more complicated evolutionary process for birds than originally thought.

Image: Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology (Beijing, China) [larger]

ResearchBlogging.org

Scientists in China revealed that they found a giant bird whose fossilized bones measure 8 meters (26 feet) in length, 5 meters (16 feet) tall and which weighed 1,400 kilograms (3,000 pounds) and lived 85 million years ago. The fossil was uncovered in the Erlian Basin of northern China's Inner Mongolia, said Xu Xing, a paleontologist at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology in Beijing who co-authored a paper about the find that was published in the journal Nature. This feathered but flightless specimen challenges the prevailing hypothesis about the evolution of birds.

Remarkably, the find was made in April 2005 in front of a Japanese TV crew who were interviewing the Chinese scientists about three earlier fossil finds in the Erlian Basin on the Mongolian-Chinese border. Initially, the scientists chose a random site to demonstrate to the cameras how one of their previous fossils had been discovered. But as they dug, they unexpectedly found a bone that they thought was an example of a Tyrannosaur -- at first. But upon a closer look under the intense light of a TV camera, they realized they were looking upon something new to science: the remains of a gigantic, surprisingly bird-like dinosaur.

"[This is] the biggest toothless dinosaur ever found because some dinosaurs have both a small beak and many teeth," observed Xu.

Further examination under the camera lights revealed that the fossil had an unusual spongy lightweight tail and arm bones that are typical of birds and bird-like dinosaurs (see below). Based on the growth rings seen in the fossilized bones (below), the scientists estimated that this specimen was an 11 year old animal that might possibly have lived to around the age of 18 -- so there could have been even larger versions of this bird running around. The animal was formally described as a new genus and species, Gigantoraptor erlianensis.

Micro-structure of Gigantoraptor bone showing the annual growth lines (arrows).

Image: Zhang Wending [larger]

CT-scan of caudal vertebra showing spongy structure typical of bird bones.

Image: Xing Xu [larger]

Even though it looks like a bird, Gigantoraptor's height is comparable to the formidable carnivore, Tyrannosaurus rex. No one is quite sure yet if Gigantoraptor was an herbivore, which typically have small heads and long necks, or a carnivore, which have sharp claws, because this dinosaur has both, Xu explained.

Further, unlike T. rex, this animal had a formidable ten inch beak and slender legs, and apparently also had feathers. Thus, this species was 35 times larger than its closest relatives, the feathered Caudipteryx and Protarchaeopteryx, which are small, feathered dinosaurs.

"We think it's the largest feathered animal ever to have been discovered," remarked Xu.

Previously, the largest known feathered animal was the 500-kilogram Stirton's Thunder Bird, Dromornis stirtoni, which lived in Australia 8-6 million years ago and was one-third the size of Gigantoraptor.

Because of its large size, this fossil is challenging the prevailing scientific hypothesis that dinosaurs became smaller as they evolved into birds while larger dinosaurs retained less birdlike characteristics.

"This is like having mouse that is the size of a horse or cow," explained Xu. "It is very important information for us in our efforts to trace the evolution process of dinosaurs to birds. It's more complicated than we imagined."

Curiously, even though Gigantoraptor stands twice the height of a man at its shoulder, its limbs remained gracile rather than becoming shorter and heavier.

"Normally, when dinosaurs become large in size, they have proportionally stouter limbs and shorter lower legs than their small-sized relatives," Xu observed. "However, Gigantoraptor has much more slender limbs and longer lower legs than similarly-sized theropods."

Caudiperyx, Protarchaeopteryx and Gigantoraptor all belong to a group of bird-like dinosaurs known as oviraptors, which were previously known to be human-sized or smaller.

"It's one of the last groups of dinosaurs that we would expect to be that big," remarked Mark Norell, curator of paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.

But other paleontologists disagree, saying that Gigantoraptor would be a natural step in the evolutionary process of the oviraptors.

"Almost every group that has evolved has tended to evolve giant forms," observed Philip Currie, a paleontologist at the University of Alberta, Canada.

The typical evolutionary pattern shows that animals tend to become bigger over time because large body size means they have an easier time obtaining food, impressing potential mates and deterring predators. Large size is a disadvantage as well; representing evolutionary trade-offs because bigger animals require more food, larger territories, they produce fewer offspring and they reproduce less often than do smaller animals. As a result, they are more vulnerable to evironmental disturbances, as was the case when the dinosaurs -- and Gigantoraptor -- went extinct approximately 65 million years ago.

"It was an unexpected finding," said Xu of the serendipitous discovery.

The bones were discovered near the city of Erenhot on the Chinese-Mongolian border. Erenhot, which is known for its many fossils, refers to itself as "dinosaur town." This city will spend more than 100 million yuan ($13.11 million) on a new dinosaur fossil museum this year to attract tourists.

A Chinese man stands near a casting of a fossilized skull and a small scale model depicting the Gigantoraptor erlianensis, whose fossilized bones were uncovered recently in northern China at an unveiling held in Beijing, China.

Image: Calum MacLeod, USA Today.

Sources

Xu, X., Tan, Q., Wang, J., Zhao, X., Tan, L. (2007). A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China.. Nature, 447, 844-847 | doi:10.1038/nature05849 [PDF].

Associated Press (quotes)

Daily Telegraph (quotes)

Reuters (quotes)

More like this

Meep-meep!

Gigantoraptor was preyed upon by a gigantic Cretaceous coyote, calling into question the evolutionary history of mammals...

I only have two questions,for anyone who might know.
1,There seems to be a form of nose creast which has been folded over,most likely by preasure and time.Is this so?
2.Would this animal be a very large Oviraptor.It seems to resemble one,very closely.
Thank You.
GR.

By Gordon Richards (not verified) on 13 Jun 2007 #permalink

"Curiously, even though Gigantoraptor stands twice the height of a man at its shoulder, its limbs remained gracile rather than becoming shorter and heavier."

Am I drawing links where there are none, or is there not a relation between this creature's light, birdlike bones, and its large size/slender limbs? Is there a chance that - as contradictory as it might seem - it was necessary for the direct ancestors of birds to become enormous before they could start to become light enough to fly?

(I suppose this could easily be refuted if we know of smaller dinosaurs with spongy bones...)

Polly wants a cracker. NOW!!

That budgie is bigger than the elephant bird was.

By Chris' Wills (not verified) on 14 Jun 2007 #permalink

Is it just me, or does there seem to be no size, symmetry or even basic design relation between this animal's skull and it's thick, heavy forearm? Where is the original skull (or fragments) that this model was cast from? I'd hate to learn that this specimen is just another example of Chinese knock-offs, as we are barely just recovering from the recent scientific onslaught, in most of the fields they have contributed to...

By paleophile1 (not verified) on 14 Jun 2007 #permalink

first off if you start looking into all these fossilized bones you will learn that they take a few bones and make assumptions as to what they represent or look like, if they would show us what they really found it would not look like that skull that they have on display and I would bet alot of $ that they did not find feathers fossilized but are just assuming. And because they are the paleontologist they must be right. well more times then not they are wrong.

2.Would this animal be a very large Oviraptor.It seems to resemble one,very closely.

It is a close relative of Oviraptor.

1,There seems to be a form of nose creast which has been folded over,most likely by preasure and time.Is this so?

The skull has not been found. Only the lower jaw has been found. The skull shown in the photo is a model, based on other oviraptorids (all of which have very similar skulls, except for the crest or its absence).

The shape of the lower jaw is original.

I would bet a[ ]lot of $ that they did not find feathers fossilized but are just assuming.

They haven't found feathers, but they aren't "just assuming". Gigantoraptor is an oviraptorosaur, just like Caudipteryx. You lose. :-)

By David MarjanoviÄ (not verified) on 14 Jun 2007 #permalink

Ed Yong @ #2:

Gigantoraptor was preyed upon by a gigantic Cretaceous coyote, calling into question the evolutionary history of mammals...

LOL. Thanks, that comment made my day. And that's just what we need - another "museum" based on a TV cartoon.

By Stagyar zil Doggo (not verified) on 12 Aug 2007 #permalink

Pacian @ #5:

Is there a chance that - as contradictory as it might seem - it was necessary for the direct ancestors of birds to become enormous before they could start to become light enough to fly?

That seems unlikely given that bats and flying squirrels evolved to flight at (presumably) significantly smaller sizes. (Insects don't count as the fluid mechanics of their flight is very significantly different.) Unless you are thinking of a constraint that somehow applies only to Reptiles/Dinosaurs/Oviraptors.

By Stagyar zil Doggo (not verified) on 12 Aug 2007 #permalink

Is there a chance that - as contradictory as it might seem - it was necessary for the direct ancestors of birds to become enormous before they could start to become light enough to fly?

Clearly not, because birds are not oviraptorosaurs. That is, none of the ancestors of birds was an oviraptorosaur in general, let alone Gigantoraptor in particular.

(I suppose this could easily be refuted if we know of smaller dinosaurs with spongy bones...)

Yes, plenty.

By David MarjanoviÄ (not verified) on 12 Aug 2007 #permalink

> Previously, the largest known feathered animal was the 500-kilogram Stirton's Thunder
> Bird, Dromornis stirtoni, which lived in Australia 8-6 million years ago and was one-third
> the size of Gigantoraptor.

Utahraptor was larger than Dromornis at 700 kilogram, and it is well established that dromaeosaurs were feathered. Primitive Tyrannosaurs (Dilong) were feathered, too, and it is reasonable to suggest that at least some of the larger, later forms retained their feathers.